© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. AP Environmental Science Mr. Grant Lesson 8 Population and Society

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mastery Check Outline and assess the four stages of demographic transition.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Outline and assess the concept of demographic transition. The demographic transition’s four stages

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives: Define the terms total fertility rate (TFR) and replacement fertility. Describe how family planning, the status of women, and wealth and poverty affect population growth. Characterize the dimensions of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. TED - Around the world right now, one billion people are trapped in poor or failing countries. How can we help them? Economist Paul Collier lays out a bold, compassionate plan for closing the gap between rich and poor.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children expected to be born to a woman during her lifetime. Replacement Fertility: Fertility rate required for the population to remain a constant size. Define the terms total fertility rate (TFR) and replacement fertility.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Family planning is a key approach for controlling growth Describe how family planning, the status of women, and wealth and poverty affect population growth. efforts to control the number and spacing of children; the greatest single factor slowing population growth  Birth control = effort to control the number of children born by reducing the frequency of pregnancy  Contraception = deliberate prevention of pregnancy through a variety of methods  Rates range from less than 10% (14 countries in Africa) to 84% (China)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Family planning gives women control over their reproductive window. Potential to produce 25 children during the window Family planning may delay first reproduction, space births, or “close” the window when desired family size is achieved There are areas that have low use of family planning Rural areas with limited availability Religious doctrines or cultural influences may reject family planning

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Family-planning programs are working around the world. Funding and policies that encourage family planning lower population growth rates in all nations, regardless of level of industrialization Thailand’s educational-based approach to family planning reduced its growth rate from 2.3% to 0.5% Brazil, Mexico, Iran, Cuba, and other developing countries have active programs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Educating women reduces fertility rates, delays childbirth, and gives them a voice in reproductive decisions Empowering women reduces fertility rates. As women receive educational opportunities, fertility rates decline Two-thirds of the world’s illiterate are women Education leads to delayed childbirth as women pursue careers

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Family planning reduces fertility rates. Blue = with family planning Red = without family planning

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Increasing affluence lowers fertility. High fertility to ensure some children would survive and be able to contribute to farm labor Better medical care, reducing infant mortality Education for children (removing them from the workforce and making them an economic liability)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Correlation of poverty and population. In 1960, 70% of all people lived in developing nations As of 2010, 82% live in these nations 99% of the next billion will be born in these nations Population growth in poor nations increases environmental degradation Farming degrades soil in arid areas (Africa, China) Poor people cut forests, deplete biodiversity, and hunt endangered species (e.g., great apes)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Expanding wealth can increase the environmental impact per person. One American has as much environmental impact as 3.8 Chinese or 8 Indians or 14 Afghans Not only is the world population increasing, but the consumption per person is also rising Affluent societies have enormous resource consumption and waste production People use resources from other areas, as well as from their own Ecological footprints are huge

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. We are running a global ecological deficit. Biocapacity = the amount of biologically productive land and sea available to us Ecological deficit = ecological footprint > biocapacity Ecological reserve = ecological footprint < biocapacity Humanity’s global ecological footprint exceeds biocapacity by 50% The richest 20% of the world’s population uses 86% of the world’s resources Increasing tensions between “haves” and “have-nots”

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. HIV/AIDS is exerting major impacts on African populations Characterize the dimensions of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Of 34 million infected, two- thirds live in sub-Saharan Africa; 3800 die/day Low rates of contraceptive use spread the disease Infant mortality is 14 times that of the developed world Life expectancy has dropped from 60 years in the 1990s to 40–50 years today

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Demographic change has social and economic repercussions. Demographic fatigue = occurs when governments face overwhelming challenges related to population growth With the added stress of HIV/AIDS, governments are stretched beyond their capabilities Problems grow worse and citizens lose faith Good news: HIV transmission has slowed recently

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Population goals support sustainable development. Specific targets can be met with concrete strategies thru global partnerships with corporations, governments, etc

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. TED Video Paul Collier’s book The Bottom Billion shows what is happening to the poorest people in the world, and offers ideas for opening up opportunities to all. "Collier sheds much light on how the world should tackle its biggest moral challenge. [He] shows, too, how far western governments and other external actors are from currently giving the sort of help these countries desperately need." - Martin Wolf, Financial Times Paul Collier on the "Bottom Billion" (16:52)