Nutrition

Do Now How important is food? How important is food? What is nutrition? What is nutrition? Is eating just about nutrition or more than that? Is eating just about nutrition or more than that?

Nutrition & Energy You must eat food to obtain energy You must eat food to obtain energy Remember: Cells convert chemical energy into ATP Remember: Cells convert chemical energy into ATP The energy available in food can be measured by burning the food The energy available in food can be measured by burning the food The amount of heat given off is measured and expressed in terms of calories The amount of heat given off is measured and expressed in terms of calories One calorie raise 1 g of water 1 ̊C One calorie raise 1 g of water 1 ̊C One dietary Calorie (C)= 1000 calories One dietary Calorie (C)= 1000 calories Different foods contain different substances that the body needs and can not manufacture Different foods contain different substances that the body needs and can not manufacture The science of nutrition studies food and its effects to determine how food helps the body meet all of its various needs The science of nutrition studies food and its effects to determine how food helps the body meet all of its various needs

Nutrients Nutrients are substances in food that supply the energy and raw materials your body uses for growth, repair, and maintenance. Nutrients are substances in food that supply the energy and raw materials your body uses for growth, repair, and maintenance. The nutrients your body needs are: The nutrients your body needs are: Water Water Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Fats Fats Proteins Proteins Vitamins Vitamins Minerals Minerals

Water Most important nutrient because every cell in the human body needs water for chemical reactions Most important nutrient because every cell in the human body needs water for chemical reactions Water makes up the bulk of blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids Water makes up the bulk of blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids Water is lost by sweating, breathing, and urinating Water is lost by sweating, breathing, and urinating Humans need to replenish it by drinking clean water to prevent dehydration Humans need to replenish it by drinking clean water to prevent dehydration

Carbohydrates The main source of energy for your body The main source of energy for your body Simple carbohydrates (monosaccharide): fruit, honey, sugar cane Simple carbohydrates (monosaccharide): fruit, honey, sugar cane Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides): grains, potatoes, vegetables Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides): grains, potatoes, vegetables Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars by the digestive system and absorbed into the bloodstream to provide cells energy Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars by the digestive system and absorbed into the bloodstream to provide cells energy Sugars not immediately used are stored as glycogen Sugars not immediately used are stored as glycogen Fiber (cellulose) in breads pasta, cereals, fruits, and vegetables Fiber (cellulose) in breads pasta, cereals, fruits, and vegetables Fiber keeps food and wastes moving through your digestive and excretory systems Fiber keeps food and wastes moving through your digestive and excretory systems

Fats Lipids formed from fatty acids and glycerol Lipids formed from fatty acids and glycerol Deposits of fats protect body organs, insulate the body, and store energy Deposits of fats protect body organs, insulate the body, and store energy Fats are used by body to produce cell membranes, myelin sheaths, and certain hormones Fats are used by body to produce cell membranes, myelin sheaths, and certain hormones

Proteins Supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures (skin and muscle) Supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures (skin and muscle) Have regulatory and transport functions (insulin and hemoglobin) Have regulatory and transport functions (insulin and hemoglobin) Polymers of amino acids, but the body is able to produce only 12 of the 20 amino acids. Other 8 essential amino acids are obtained by eating meat, fish, eggs, milk, beans, and rice Polymers of amino acids, but the body is able to produce only 12 of the 20 amino acids. Other 8 essential amino acids are obtained by eating meat, fish, eggs, milk, beans, and rice

Vitamins Organic molecules that help regulate body processes, often working with enzymes Organic molecules that help regulate body processes, often working with enzymes Some are made and stored in body (A,D,E,K), others must be obtained from food (C & B) Some are made and stored in body (A,D,E,K), others must be obtained from food (C & B) Eating a diet containing a variety of foods will supply the daily vitamin needs of your body Eating a diet containing a variety of foods will supply the daily vitamin needs of your body

Figure 38–6 Types of Vitamins Vitamin A (retinol) D (calciferol) E (tocopherol) K B 1 (thiamine) B 2 (riboflavin) Vitamin A (retinol) D (calciferol) E (tocopherol) K B 1 (thiamine) B 2 (riboflavin) Sources Yellow, orange, and dark green vegetables; dairy products Fish oils, eggs; made by skin when exposed to sunlight; added to dairy products Green leafy vegetables, seeds, vegetable oils Green leafy vegetables; made by bacteria that live in human intestine Whole grains, pork, legumes, milk Dairy products, meats, vegetables, whole-grain cereal Sources Yellow, orange, and dark green vegetables; dairy products Fish oils, eggs; made by skin when exposed to sunlight; added to dairy products Green leafy vegetables, seeds, vegetable oils Green leafy vegetables; made by bacteria that live in human intestine Whole grains, pork, legumes, milk Dairy products, meats, vegetables, whole-grain cereal Function Important for growth of skin cells; important for night vision Promotes bone growth; increases calcium and phosphorus absorption Antioxidant; prevents cellular damage Needed for normal blood clotting Normal metabolism of carbohydrates Normal growth; part of electron transport chain; energy metabolism Function Important for growth of skin cells; important for night vision Promotes bone growth; increases calcium and phosphorus absorption Antioxidant; prevents cellular damage Needed for normal blood clotting Normal metabolism of carbohydrates Normal growth; part of electron transport chain; energy metabolism

Figure 38–6 Types of Vitamins

Minerals Inorganic nutrients that the body needs (calcium, iron, magnesium) Inorganic nutrients that the body needs (calcium, iron, magnesium) By eating a variety of foods, you can meet your daily requirement of minerals By eating a variety of foods, you can meet your daily requirement of minerals

Figure 38–7 Types of Minerals Mineral Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Chlorine Sodium Magnesium Iron Fluorine Iodine Zinc Sources Diary products; salmon; sardines; kale; tofu; collard greens; legumes Dairy products; meats; poultry; grains Meats; dairy products; many fruits and vegetables; grains Table salt; processed foods Whole grains; green leafy vegetables Meats; eggs; legumes; whole grains; green leafy vegetables; dried fruit Fluoridated drinking water; tea; seafood Seafood; dairy products; iodized salt Meats; seafood; grains Function Bone and tooth formation; blood clotting; nerve and muscle function Bone and tooth formation; acid-base balance Acid-base balance; body water balance; nerve function Acid-base balance; formation of gastric juice Acid-base balance; body water balance; nerve function Activation of enzymes in protein synthesis Component of hemoglobin and of electron carriers used in energy metabolism Maintenance of tooth structure; maintenance of bone structure Component of thyroid hormones Component of certain digestive enzymes

include such as are made ofinclude Concept Map includeare made using Section 38-1 Nutrients CarbohydratesFatsMineralsProteinsVitamins SimpleComplex Amino acids CalciumIron Fatty AcidsGlycerol SugarsStarchesFat-soluble Water- soluble

Balanced Diet Nutritionists have tried to figure out the best balance of nutrients for the human body and created the Food Guide Pyramid Nutritionists have tried to figure out the best balance of nutrients for the human body and created the Food Guide Pyramid To sum it up: You should eat a variety of foods each day and limit your intake of fatty, sugary foods To sum it up: You should eat a variety of foods each day and limit your intake of fatty, sugary foods

Fats Sugars Fats, Oils, and Sweets (use sparingly) Soft drinks, candy, ice cream, mayonnaise, and other foods in this group have relatively few valuable nutrients. Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese Group (2-3 Servings) Milk and other dairy products are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nut Group (2-3 servings) These foods are high in protein. They also supply vitamins and minerals. Vegetable Group (3-5 servings) Vegetables are a low-fat source of carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Fruit Group (2-4 servings) Fruits are good sources of carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and water. Bread, Cereal, Rice and Pasta Group (6-11 servings) The foods at the base of the pyramid are rich in complex carbohydrates and also provide proteins, fiber, vitamins, and some minerals. Figure 38–8 Food Guide Pyramid

Quick Activity Working in groups, identify the nutrients that you can obtain from each food on your menu Working in groups, identify the nutrients that you can obtain from each food on your menu When your done, write down the foods you ate today… did you get all of your nutrients? When your done, write down the foods you ate today… did you get all of your nutrients? Using your menu, try to put together a meal that will supply your body with all the needed nutrients Using your menu, try to put together a meal that will supply your body with all the needed nutrients