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HH armful AA daptive NN o Value WW hether or not a trait is Adaptive, Harmful, or No Value is Time and Location specific

Harmful – These types of mutations are detrimental to the organism Either causing it to be less well adapted for its environment, or by causing a basic life function of the animal to function deficiently or not at all

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Write a brief list of how the albino organisms color mutation is detrimental to that organism’s survival in the wild.

Adaptive – These types of mutations cause the organism to gain some advantage that increases its ability to survive and reproduce successfully

Adaptive Examples: The ability to utilize another food source Disease immunity or resistance Makes the organism more competitive More successful at passing on genes

Examples: Disease immunity or resistance

Sickle cell anemia (uh-NEE-me-uh) is the most common form of sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle- shaped red blood cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent. Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They move easily through your blood vessels. Red blood cells contain an iron-rich protein called hemoglobin (HEE-muh-glow-bin). This protein carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle hemoglobin causes the cells to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape. Sickle cells are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage. It can also raise the risk for infection.

Examples: The ability to utilize another food source

“ The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool to the next generation” Cambell, Biology

Makes the organism more competitive

Write down a list of at least 7 adaptations that the Giraffe posses that increase its fitness within its environments

1. Survive 2. Reproduce

Species are members of populations that interbreed in nature, and whose offspring are fertile; not according to similarity of appearance

No Value – These types of mutations do nothing to either harm the organism or to make them more fit

Mutations assist a species because they cause a variety of variations to exist within that species. Adaptive mutations increase the fitness of a species by providing increased variation

Recurrent mutation – a mutation for a trait that is genetically different from either parent, but is already present in the population

Novel Mutation – a mutation that results in a trait that is not already present in the population

Conflict that arises between individuals or groups in the process of acquiring limited resources

Limiting Resource Any factor (usually a nutrient) within an ecosystem that is in finite quantity and that is required by individuals in that ecosystem for survival

“Two species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place” –Campbell, Biology

2 types Fundamental niche – the resources (biotic and abiotic) that are theoretically available to an organism Realized niche – the resources (biotic and abiotic) that are actually utilized by a given population (Campbell, Biology)

A niche is what the animal does in its community, its habitat is where it lives

Interspecific - competition between different species

Intraspecific – competition within the same species

1.If all offspring were able to reproduce successfully populations size would exponentially increase over a few generations 2.In natures populations sizes are relatively stable 3.Limited resources exist in all environments 4.Individuals within the same species have a variety of unique and distinct traits (every individual is different) 5. Many of these variations can be passed on to successive generations

 Competition results when more offspring are produced then can survive because resources are limited  Offspring that posses more beneficial characteristics are more likely to survive and pass on their genes  Because more fit individuals survive most often populations will shift over time to accumulate more beneficial characteristics

This is called….

Adaptations are not static as environments change so do the characteristics of a population. The best combination of traits changes over time

Note: species do not develop a trait to cope with an element in their environment rather a pool of traits (range of variation) exist within a given population and those that are best adapted survive more frequently and reproduce more successfully.

Artificial selection – human modification of species (ex. Selective breeding)

Food Habitat Mates Predation Disease Climate Competition for resources ( invasive species)

Stabilizing Selection This type of selection encourages the average or status quo combination of traits. It happens in environments where there is little change occurring

Many human characteristics are a result of stabilizing selection. Human birth weight is not only a polygenic trait, but it is also controlled by environmental factors. Infants with average birth weight are more likely to survive than a baby that is too small or too large. The bell curve peaks at a birth weight that has the minimum death rate.

Directional Selection This type of selection favors a specific combination of traits that were relatively rare in the original population It happens in environments where there is great change occurring or is a species is moving into a new environment

Charles Darwin studied what was to become known as directional selection while he was in the Galapagos Islands. The beak length of the Galapagos finches changed over time due to available food sources. When there was a lack of insects to eat, finches with larger and deeper beaks survived because they could crack seeds. Over time, as insects became more plentiful, directional selection favored finches with smaller and longer beaks. Charles Darwinfinches

Diversifying (disruptive) Selection This type of selection favors traits on either end of the spectrum but not the middle It happens in environments where there is change but the new factors favor multiple variations, this often happens in a divergence of species

One of the most studied examples of disruptive selection is the case of London's peppered moths. In rural areas, the peppered moths were almost all a very light color. However, these same moths were very dark in color in industrial areas. Very few medium colored moths were seen in either location. It seems that the darker colored moths survived predators in the industrial areas by blending in to the polluted surroundings. The lighter moths were seen easily by predators in industrial areas and were eaten. The opposite happened in the rural areas. The medium colored moths were easily seen in both locations and were therefore very few of them left after disruptive selection.London's peppered moths

Only traits that already exist in a population can be selected for Every adaptation is also a compromise Every adaptation has to be based on a preexisting element of the organism There cannot be a permanently perfect organism

Sexual Reproduce (Often Intraspecific)

A feature possessed by a single sex that increases reproductive fitness (generally in vertebrates)…

Reproductive fitness can (but doesn’t have to) detract significantly from the environmental fitness of an individual ie. The Peacock …

Important Please EAT ME!! My big dumb tail feathers make me easy to SEE! And easier to catch!!!

Sexual secondary characteristic can assist the animal in survival such as a elk’s antlers, but it is often the females that determine the fitness of a Sexual dimorphism