J. G. Weisend II for the ESS Team Energy Efficiency & Recovery at ESS

A 482.5m long, 5MW, proton linear accelerator at 2.5 GeV, 5 mA 2.86 ms pulses, ≈14Hz (60 ms period) A solid metal target 22 neutron instruments To support a 5000-strong user community 450 staff ESS Overview Capital Cost 1,478 M€ (2008) Operating Cost 103 M€ p.a. Decommissioning Cost 344 M€ First neutrons 2019 Full operation2025

Sweden, Denmark and Norway, 50% of construction – and 20% of operational costs International Collaboration European Partners

Responsible Energy Efficiency Recyclable ESS’s cooling is Lund’s heating Renewable Power from renewable sources The Scandinavian Commitment: A Sustainable Research Centre

Responsible The best solution is not to use the energy in the first place –Make use of existing programs Energy efficient buildings Smart building technology Recycling / biogas program Possible certification of buildings as BREEAM –Aim to reduce energy costs of cryogenic systems State of the art cryoplants (26% Carnot or better at 4.5 K) Optimize plant turndown capability – minimize use of heaters to balance load – 60% of ESS cryo load is dynamic Possibly invest in more energy efficient He compressor R&D –Higher initial investment ( within limits) is acceptable if energy savings result

Recyclable ESS cooling system overview ESS consumes over 40 MW of electrical power, and only a small portion of this power ends up generating neutrons. Due to unavoidable inefficiencies in the system, most of the energy consumed is turned into waste heat. Where other similar large scale research facilities have just released this waste heat into the environment, ESS plans to recycle waste heat into the Lund district heating network, supplying 20 percent of its total annual requirement. What is the purpose of the cooling system? The cooling and heat recovery system of the ESS plant is designed to meet the following requirements: Provide reliable and efficient cooling of all parts of the ESS site that requires water cooling Transfer as much heat as possible from the cooling system to the city of Lund district heating system and/or other external waste heat recovery systems

Cooling system parameters Majority of cooling provided by closed loop water-water heat exchanger and pump systems. Target will have nitrogen gas-water heat exchanger system Water temperatures approximately deg C Water system pressure nominally 10 bar Three primary cooling loops – low, medium & high temperature ranges. Flow through each loop ~ 8000 liter/minute Primary cooling loops interface with: Substations located close to cooling loads Central utility building where cooling loops interface with external District Heating system Primary cooling loads (accounts for ~ 85% of all cooling required for ESS) Accelerator – klystron gallery and linac tunnel Target – interface at target internal cooling systems boundary Cryoplant – helium compressors Instruments – cooling as required for instruments and instrument support equipment Recyclable

ESS cooling system overview

ESS Heat pump Lund District Heating System Simplified heat flow between ESS and Lund District Heating system

ESS cooling system heat loads and temperatures PRELIMINARY

Renewable When fully commissioned, ESS operations will increase Lund power consumption by 20 – 30 % Capacity currently exists but would be provided by “marginal production” mainly fossil fuels ESS is committed to developing renewable supplies to meet this power increase Details of this effort, which can take a number of approaches, are still under discussion

Renewable Possible approaches: –Invest in its own renewable power facility 30 – 40 wind turbines –Contribute to construction costs of a commercial renewable power facility –Make long term purchase commitments to a commercial renewable power facility –Add value via knowledge transfer and engineering support –Combinations of the above The economic & technical cases for these approaches are under study

Energy Inventory ESS GWh renewable power 174 GWh re-used heat = 70% (excluding heat pumps) Accelerator incl klystron gallery 17 MW Cooling 8 MW Target station 2 MW Target cryo 3 MW Accelerator cryogenics 4 MW Ion Source 3 MW Instruments 1 MW 49 20°C 34 40°C 91 90°C

Beatrix Vierkorn-Rudolph, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Tyskland: “Increasing energy efficiency is a major goal” Catherine Césarsky, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission: “The Research Infrastructures are very appropriate tools for addressing scientific issues to confront global Climate and Energy challenges Energy for Sustainable Science Workshop Tobias Krantz, SVENSKT NÄRINGSLIV: “One of the most important research investments in Sweden ever.”

Parker, T. “Cutting science’s electricity bill, Nature, Vol. 480, pp

Summary Sustainability is an important value for the ESS project Significant project resources are devoted to this issue –Energy Division under T. Parker –Collaborations with outside firms: e.g. Lunds Energi & Eon –Possibility of R&D support for improved systems Program details are under development. The final mix will take a long term approach based on economics & engineering