CROP HEARTHS * Agriculture originated in multiple hearths around the world * Certain crops are “native” to certain areas of the world * Because of colonization of the New World, many new crops/animals were introduced in both the Old and New Worlds Relocation diffusion Columbian Exchange (new to old world) Old World Exchange (old to new world)

Probable culture-hearths of agriculture

OLD WORLD AGRICULTURAL HEARTHS

The Fertile Crescent – Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began. - because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time - generated a surplus of wheat and barley - first integration of plant growing and animal raising * used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops

NEW WORLD AGRICULTURAL HEARTHS

AGRICULTURAL ORIGINS-THE 1ST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION * 1st domestication of plants was in SE Asia - root crops-taro, yams & bananas 14,000 yrs ago * Southwest Asia domesticated cereal crops - wheat, barley & oats-10,000 yrs ago * MesoAmerica- maize (corn), squash & beans * Africa-millet, sorghum, watermelons

THE 1 ST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION-ANIMAL DOMESTICATION Animals such as goats, pigs and sheep were domesticated about 8,000 yrs ago. Domesticated animals in captivity are very different from their wild counterparts. In SE Asia pigs, water buffalo, chickens, ducks, and geese were domesticated.

In South Asia- cattle and elephants- but never bred in captivity In SW Asia- goats, sheep, and camel In Central Asia- yak, horse, goats, sheep and reindeer In Meso-America and South America- llama, alpaca, pig, and turkey In Africa- guinea fowl-only became herders after cattle were brought in from SW Asia Total- only about 40 species were domesticated

Animal Domestication – - Relatively few animals have been domesticated - Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail

RELOCATION DIFFUSION 1.Corn (Maize) 2.Coffee 3.Rice 4.Wheat 5.Potato 6.Tomato 7.Tobacco 8.Peanuts 9.Citrus 10.Olives 11.Tea 12.Chili Pepper 13.Cacao (chocolate) 14.Horses 15.Cattle 16.Hogs 17.Chickens 18.Goat 19.Sheep 20.Turkeys 1.Central America, Columbian Exchange 2.East Africa, Old to New 3.S and SE Asia, Old to New 4.SW Asia, Old to New 5.S. America, Columbian Exchange 6.S. America, Columbian Exchange 7.S and N America, Columbian Exchange 8.S. America, Columbian Exchange 9.S and SE Asia, Old to New 10.Mediterranean, Old to New 11.S and SE Asia, Old to New 12.Central America, Columbian Exchange 13.S. America, Columbian Exchange 14.SW Asia, Old to New 15.SW Asia, Old to New 16.W Africa, S and SE Asia, Old to New 17.S and SE Asia, Old to New 18.SW Asia, Mediterranean, Old to New 19.SW Asia, Old to New 20.Central America, Columbian Exchange