Geisinger Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology Radiologic Procedures 1

Geisinger Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology Radiologic Procedures 1 This study guide developed for: Mr. Kenneth Roszel of: Geisinger Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology As part of: Dr. Timothy Phillips’ Advanced Instructional Design Department of Instructional Technology, Bloomsburg University. Team members: Sara R Dierk – Multimedia Specialist Davina Moore – Instructional Design Lisa Rizzo – Instructional Design, Team Lead Robert Zook – Developer Summer 2010

Welcome Objective: In this instructional unit, you will practice identifying the basic parts, adjust settings, and learn how to use common radiographic equipment. How to use this study guide:  This instructional unit consists of nine sections.  Navigate to any of the sections using the Main Navigation screen.  Use the left hand buttons to move between lessons within a section.  If there is more than one page in a lesson, use the arrows at the bottom of the screen to move forward or backward within the lesson.  Click on the vocabulary words in italics to bring up definitions on the right side of the screen.  Click on the “information” icons to learn more about images.  To exit the program at any time, return to the Main Navigation screen and select “Quit” CONTINUE i

The Grid The Bucky Device Radiographic Tables Imaging Processes The X-ray Tube Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 The Collimator Support Systems The Image Receptor Beam Restriction Devices Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Main Nav Main Navigation: Click on a section to get started Quit

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Radiographic Image Processes Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Review 1 In this section you will be introduced to the most common radiographic imaging processes. This is an important section. Take your time and repeat as necessary. Select a lesson on the left of your screen to get started. Digital Imaging PACS

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 4 Review 12 1 – Radiographic Image Process Conventional Imaging Conventional radiography uses a film/screen combination to capture the latent image, and a chemical process to manifest the image on the film. A processor passes the film through the various chemical stages of processing; finally to a drying section. Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS Manifest: the change on an x-ray film that makes the latent image visible after appropriate chemical processing. Latent: invisible image produced in a film emulsion by x- rays or visible light before it is converted into a visible image by development

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 4 Review 22 1 – Radiographic Image Process Conventional Imaging The cassette is a rigid holder that contains the film and, in conventional radiography, radiographic intensifying screens. Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS i Cassette Film Intensifying Screens i i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 15 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging Advances in computer technology allow radiographic images to be captured and stored directly to a computer. Four digital imaging processes have been developed. They are: Computed Tomography (CT) Computed Radiography (CR) Direct Digital Radiography (DR) Digital Fluoroscopy (DF) Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS Computed Tomography: Produces images, as slices of tissue, through digital technology Direct Digital Radiography: Images are translated directly to a digital format Computed Radiography: Replaces the film, in a conventional cassette, with a reusable image plate Digital Fluoroscopy: Uses an image intensifier and direct capture to generate a video image Lesson 4 Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 25 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Computed Tomography Computed Tomography (CT) is sometimes called a CAT scan. It was the first digital imaging method, developed in the 1970’s. The images, tomograms, represent slices of tissue, some as thin as a millimeter. Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS Tomograms: Images that show a cross section or “slice” of the body or part of body. Tomography: Images that show a specific level of anatomy, known as body sectioning. Lesson 4 Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 35 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Computed Radiography Computed Radiography (CR) replaces the conventional cassette/film combination with a cassette/image plate combination. The image plate, or image receptor, is placed into an image reader to be converted to capture the image data. Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS Screens (conventional) i Lesson 4 Review Image plate (digital) Cassette (digital and conventional) i i Film (conventional) i Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 45 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Direct Digital Radiography Also known as Direct-Capture or Direct Digital, Direct-Read Radiography replaces the image receptor with a digital detector. The image is captured and converted directly to a digital format. Automatic exposure control provides accurate patient exposure; the technologist can adjust the image quality post exposure. A flat panel receptor replaces the image plate cassette and image reader. Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS Lesson 4 Review Direct Capture Plate

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start End of lesson, select a new lesson at left 55 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Digital Fluoroscopy Conventional Fluoroscopy uses an image intensifier, optic and conversion to a video image. Digital Fluoroscopy replaces all of that with a direct capture/conversion detector. Image quality is improved because the multiple image manipulations that occur with conventional fluoroscopy are not used. Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS Lesson 4 Review Direct Capture/Conversion Detector resides here i Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Radiographic Image Process PACS Conventional Imaging Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Digital Imaging PACS Digital radiography bypasses film and its space-eating storage requirements by employing PACS. PACS serves as a system that allows doctors and radiologists to store, share, and access images for evaluation purposes. Film is used only when a hard copy is needed in those cases where a physician does not have access to PACS. Lesson 4 Review End of lesson, select a new lesson at left PACS stands for Picture : digital medical images Archiving : storage Communication : retrieval/sending of images System : network that manages the complete system

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson Radiographic Image Process Review Conventional Imaging Digital Imaging PACS Review Computed Tomography Computed Radiography Direct Digital Radiography Digital Fluoroscopy Creates images of slices of tissue, some as thin as a millimeter; was the earliest use of digital radiography. Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description.

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson Radiographic Image Process Review Conventional Imaging Digital Imaging PACS Review Computed Tomography Computed Radiography Direct Digital Radiography Digital Fluoroscopy Uses an image plate for the imager receptor and requires the use of a laser to convert a latent image to a manifest image.

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson Radiographic Image Process Review Conventional Imaging Digital Imaging PACS Review Computed Tomography Computed Radiography Direct Digital Radiography Digital Fluoroscopy An IR is not used but digital detectors both capture and convert the image in a digital format

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description Radiographic Image Process Review Computed Tomography Computed Radiography Direct Digital Radiography Digital Fluoroscopy Image quality is improved because multiple images are manipulated through a direct capture/conversion detector. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Conventional Imaging Digital Imaging PACS Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Radiographic Image Process Review Which of the following best describes conventional diagnostic imaging? A. A process that uses a film/screen combination to capture the image and a chemical process to produce a visible image. B. A system where an IR is not used, instead a direct conversion of the image to digital form is used. C. A process where image quality is improved through multiple image manipulations. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Conventional Imaging Digital Imaging PACS Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Radiographic Image Process Review Click on the abbreviation to see the type of digital imaging. CR CT DR DF Computed Radiography Computed Tomography Direct-Read Digital Fluoroscopy Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Conventional Imaging Digital Imaging PACS Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Radiographic Image Process Review Which of the following definitions best describes PACS? A. Picture Assessing Communication System B. Picture Archiving Computer System C. Picture Archiving Communication System End of section, select to return to section start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Conventional Imaging Digital Imaging PACS Review

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Components of X-Ray Tube 2 In this section you will be introduced to the components of a X-Ray Tube. These include: Glass enclosure Cathode Anode Protective housing Review Lesson 2 Lesson 4 The Cathode The Anode Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Click icons to show, click again to hide i 11 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Definition of X-Ray Tube An x-ray tube is an electronic vacuum tube containing two electrodes and several other components Review Lesson 2 Lesson 4 The Cathode The Anode Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube Window: Thinner part of the tube envelope that allows max. emission of x- rays with min. absorption in the window Cathode Assembly Anode Window Enclosure i i Cathode Assembly: Negative side of tube, made up of: filaments focusing cup associated wiring Enclosure: May be glass or metal. Most high- capacity x-ray tubes have a metal enclosure i i Anode: Positive side of the tube End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Click icons to show, click again to hide i 12 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Cathode The cathode is the negative electrode. It is a complex device; usually referred to as the cathode assembly. Its main functions are to: Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Cathode Assembly i Focusing Cup i 1.produce a thermionic cloud 2.conduct the high voltage to the gap between cathode and anode 3.focus the electric stream on the anode. Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Click icons to show, click again to hide i 22 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Cathode Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Filaments and Focusing Cup Most diagnostic x-ray tubes have a dual focus arrangement. They emit electrons through a process of thermoionic emission. Dual focus arrangement: An x-ray tube with 2 filaments of different lengths that can be selected based on the desired detail of the image Thermoionic emission: The process of ejecting electrons when heated Filaments usually made from tungsten, the shorter filament, when selected, produces a smaller source of emitted x-rays and finer image details. i Focusing cup a metal shroud that confines electrons around the filaments with a low negative charge. This counteracts the divergence of the negatively charged electrons. Focusing them toward the target of the anode i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 12 Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Anode The Anode is the positive side of the tube. (Remember the cathode is the negative side of the tube.) The Anode: 1) Is an electrical conductor that receives electrons emitted by the cathode 2) conducts electrons through the tube back to the high-voltage generator 3) Provides mechanical support for target 4) Is a thermal radiator – Only 1% of the electron’s kinetic energy forms x-rays. The rest becomes heat which must be quickly conducted away to prevent damaging the anode. Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 22 Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Anode There are two types of Anodes: Target: The area of the anode that is struck by electrons from the cathode Target RotatingStationary End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Click icons to show, click again to hide i 11 Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Tube Housing An x-ray tube is enclosed in a protective housing that serves several functions. Isotropically: Emitted with equal intensity in all directions Window: Thinner part of the tube envelope that allows max emission of x- rays Oil Prevents electrical shock, dissipates heat Radiation protection X-rays are produced isotropically the housing only allows x-rays emitted through the window to escape. The emitted rays are considered the useful beam. Support provides a mechanical support and protection from incidental damage Electrical safety Prevents accidental electric shock by incorporating high-voltage receptacles i i i i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 18 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of ANODE Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Area struck by electrons from the cathode Positive side of X-ray tube Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 28 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Area struck by electrons from the cathode Positive side of X-ray tube On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of WINDOW Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 38 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Area struck by electrons from the cathode Positive side of X-ray tube On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of FOCUSING CUP Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 48 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Area struck by electrons from the cathode Positive side of X-ray tube On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of TARGET Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 58 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Identify the cathode by selecting its number on the diagram. Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 68 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Identify the glass enclosure by selecting its number on the diagram. Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 78 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Identify the filament by selecting its number on the diagram. Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 88 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review Lesson 2 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 5 Lesson 3 Select the terms to fill in the blanks in the following definition: An x-ray tube is a _________ that emits x-rays when it is heated. 1. Vacuum Tube 2. Capacitor 3. Transistor 4. Light End of section, select to return to section start Review The Cathode The Anode Tube Housing Definition of X-Ray Tube

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Collimator Definition of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 3 In this section you will be introduced to the function and the controls of a collimator. Controls of a Collimator

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Review 11 3 – Collimator Definition of a Collimator A collimator is a light-localizing, variable-aperture device. Lead shutters are adjusted to vary the size of the x-ray beam. It can be used for distances. The collimator provides a light that mimics the x-ray beam to help the technician select the most appropriate field size. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Tube Housing i Collimator i Collimator Controls i Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Click icons to show, click again to hide i 12 3 – Collimator Collimator Controls Below is one example of a collimator. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Longitudinal i Vertical i Bucky Selection Shutter Controls i Angle i Transverse Angle: Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the IR Light field: Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Transverse: Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Longitudinal: Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Vertical: Changes the distance between the tube and table Review Rotation (Horizontal) i Rotation (Longitudinal) i i i Light Field i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 22 3 – Collimator Collimator Controls Below is another example of a collimator. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Review Longitudinal i Vertical i Transverse i Centering Detector i Angle i Light Field i Centering Detector: Locks at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Angle: Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the IR Light field: Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Transverse: Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Longitudinal: Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Vertical: Changes the distance between the tube and table End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 17 3 – Collimator Review From the list below, which is NOT a function of the collimator? 1. Controls off-focus radiation 2. Reduces patient dose 3. Improves resolution 4. Decreases scatter radiation 5. Increases x-ray beam

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Bucky selection Rotation (horizontal) Transverse Angle Indicator Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 27 3 – Collimator Review Using the diagram below, click on the corresponding letter. Vertical Shutter controls Rotation (longitudinal) Longitudinal BAD BCD EAC FHD BED AF EGC FHD F C H E G D B A B

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 37 3 – Collimator Review Match the collimator control with its appropriate function. Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Changes the distance between the tube and table Longitudinal

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 47 3 – Collimator Review Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Changes the distance between the tube and table Transverse

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 57 3 – Collimator Review Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Changes the distance between the tube and table Angle

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 67 3 – Collimator Review Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Changes the distance between the tube and table Centering Lock (detector)

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of a Collimator Controls of a Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 77 3 – Collimator Review Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Changes the distance between the tube and table Light Field End of section, select to return to section start

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Tube Support Systems Ceiling Support System Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 4 Since x-ray tube and housing assemblies are very heavy, support mechanisms are needed so the technician can position the tube in relation to the patient. In this section you will be introduced to two of the most common types of support systems. Floor-to-ceiling support system Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Tube support Systems Ceiling Support System Ceiling Support Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Floor-to- Ceiling Review Ceiling Support System Transverse Rails Longitudinal Rails i i i Includes two sets of rails for longitudinal and transverse positioning of the tube. A telescoping column controls vertical distance End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 11 Ceiling Support Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Floor-to- Ceiling Review 4 – Support Systems Floor-to-Ceiling Support System Uses a pair of rails, one on the ceiling and one on the floor, for longitudinal positioning. It relies on a telescoping arm for transverse positioning and a main column collar that slides up and down for vertical positioning. The tube may be able angle, roll, and pitch, but it is not capable of rotating. End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Ceiling Support Floor-to- Ceiling Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 12 4 – Tube Support Systems Review Select the correct definition for a ceiling support system Click next to match next pair Has a single column with rollers at each end Has two perpendicular sets of ceiling-mounted rails Utilizes a c-shaped arm to support the tube and image receptor

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Ceiling Support Floor-to- Ceiling Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review 22 4 – Tube Support Systems Review Has a single column with rollers at each end Select the correct definition for a floor-to- ceiling support system Has two perpendicular sets of ceiling-mounted rails Utilizes a c-shaped arm to support the tube and image receptor End of section, select to return to section start

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Image Receptors 5 Computer Radiography (CR) uses an image plate, or Image Receptor, in place of the film that conventional radiography uses. This section will illustrate the image receptor and how it is used. Definition of Image Receptor Lesson 1 Lesson 3 Review Lesson 2 Function of Image Receptor

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Click icons to show, click again to hide i 11 5 – Image Receptor Definition of Image Receptor An image receptor is a plate that is coated with photostimulable phosphor. It can be used repeatedly, and exposed to light for a short period of time. Definition of Image Receptor Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Function of Image Receptor Photostimulable phosphor: Chemical compounds that become energized when exposed to x-rays Image receptor cassette i i Lesson 3 Review End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of Image Receptor Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Function of Image Receptor Lesson 3 Review Click icons to show, click again to hide i 11 5 – Image Receptors Function of Image Receptor The latent image on the plate becomes manifest when it is exposed to a high-intensity laser in the image plate reader. The laser beam causes the trapped electrons to emit blue light which the plate reader can convert to a digitized image. Latent: Invisible image stored on the image receptor plate Manifest: Made visible Image reader Image plate i Image i i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Definition of Image Receptor Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Function of Image Receptor Lesson 3 Review Image Receptors Review From the list below, choose the best description of an image receptor. 1. Preserve and protect confidentiality of information 2. The art and science of medical radiation technology… 3. Device that receives energy of an x-ray beam, storing the image of the body part End of section, select to return to section start

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Beam Restrictors 6 Beam restriction reduces scatter radiation, providing radiation protection and improving image quality. In this section you will be introduced to the types of beam restrictors: Aperture diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator Lesson 4 Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Click icons to show, click again to hide i Lesson 4 Review 11 6 – Beam Restrictors Aperture Diaphragm The simplest of all beam-restricting devices. It is basically a lead or lead-lined metal diaphragm that is attached to the x-ray tube head. It restricts the size of the beam to slightly smaller than the image receptor. An aperture must be used at a specified distance to match the size of the cassette it is designed for. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator Brackets for diaphragm Aperture diaphragm i i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator Click icons to show, click again to hide i 11 6 – Beam Restrictors Cones and Cylinders Cones confine the beam to a prescribed size for a given distance. Cylinders can telescope which will allow changing the size of the beam to a limited degree. Below is a picture of a cylinder. Telescoping sleeve i Lock for telescoping sleeve i Plate slides into diaphragm brackets on collimator i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator Click icons to show, click again to hide i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left 11 6 – Beam Restrictors Collimator A collimator has adjustable lead shutters which allow the technician to change the size of the emitted beam. Below is a simple diagram of a collimator. X-ray beam First stage entrance shutters Mirror Second stage cross shutters Second stage long shutters Collimator housing Tube housing i i i i i i i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator 14 6 – Beam Restrictors Review Which of the following explanations best describes the purpose of the beam restriction devices? 1. To adjust contrast resolution 2. To increase remnant x-rays 3. To reduce the amount of scatter radiation 4. To align the compression paddle with the image receptor

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator 24 6 – Beam Restrictors Review From the list below, select the three types of beam restriction devices. 1. Aperture Diaphragm 2. Cones and Cylinders 3. Spheres 4. Variable-aperture Collimator 5. Filtration Aperture

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 34 6 – Beam Restrictors Review 1. Devices that modify the aperture diaphragm 2. Devices that limit the x-ray field size to only the anatomy of interest 3. A lead-lined metal diaphragm that is attached to the x-ray tube head 4. A light-localizing device that is used in radiography Using the following terms, APERTURE DIAPHRAGM, X-RAY TUBE, IMAGE RECEPTOR, choose the correct statement. Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Review Aperture Diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator 44 6 – Beam Restrictors Review Using the following terms: APERTURE DIAPHRAGM, X-RAY TUBE, and IMAGE RECEPTOR, choose the correct statement. 1. The aperture diaphragm restricts the size of the beam coming from the x-ray tube to be slightly smaller than the image receptor. 2. The x-ray tube restricts the size of the beam coming from the aperture diaphragm to be slightly smaller than the image receptor. 3. The image receptor restricts the size of the beam coming from the aperture diaphragm to be slightly smaller than the x-ray tube. 4. The aperture diaphragm restricts the size of the beam coming from the image receptor to be slightly smaller than the x-ray tube. End of section, select to return to section start

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Grids 7 In this section you will be introduced to the types of grids and their functions. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Function of Grid Types of Grids Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Types of Grids Review Function of a Grid Click icons to show, click again to hide i 12 7 – Grids Function of a Grid The grid was developed by Gustav Bucky in 1913 as a method of reducing scatter radiation before it reached the image receptor. The result was improved image resolution and contrast. Bucky’s First Grid Carlton: page 267, Fig i Modern Grid Cassette i i front view

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Types of Grids Review Function of a Grid Click icons to show, click again to hide i 22 7 – Grids Function of a Grid Grids are constructed of a series of radiopaque materials (grid lines) alternating with radiolucent materials (interspace materials). Interspace material Radiolucent: Allows x-rays to pass through Radiopaque: Blocks or absorbs x-rays X-rays i Grid line i i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Types of Grids Review Function of a Grid 11 7 – Grids Types of Grids Three types of grid are: 1) Focused Grid 2) Parallel Grid (most prone to grid cutoff) 3) Crossed Grid Focal Distance i i X-rays Crossed Grid Focused Grid Parallel Grid End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Focused Grid: Grid strips arranged to coincide with the divergence of the x- ray beam to reduce grid cutoff, must be centered exactly with the x-ray beam Parallel Grid: Grid strips are laid out parallel to one another; is the easiest grid to manufacture Crossed Grid: Two parallel grids, one with grid lines perpendicular to the other; must be centered on the x-ray beam; require high exposure dose Grid Cutoff: Undesirable absorption of x-rays by the grid; resulting in the x-rays being “cut off” from the receptor Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Types of Grids Review Function of a Grid 14 7 – Grids Review Fill in the blank of the following sentence describing grid cutoff: The undesirable absorption of ________ by the grid. radiation primary x-rays scatter radiation

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Types of Grids Review Function of a Grid 24 7 – Grids Review Which of the following explanations best describes the purpose of a grid? 1. It decreases the number of photoelectric interactions during x-ray exposure 2. It removes a major source of noise, thus improving image contrasts 3. It allows the ability to image and distinguish soft tissues 4. It reduces patient dose and improves contrast resolution during x-ray exposure

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Types of Grids Review Function of a Grid 34 7 – Grids Review Which of the following definitions best describes a grid? 1. A modification of the aperture diaphragm 2. A device that displays the visual difference between the light and dark areas of an image 3. A device that minimizes scatter radiation by limiting the x-ray field size to only the anatomy of interest 4. A principle tool that is used to control scatter radiation

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Types of Grids Review Function of a Grid 44 7 – Grids Review From the list below, identify the three types of grids. 1. Perpendicular Grid 2. Focused Grid 3. Hatched Grid 4. Parallel Grid 6. Basket Grid 7. Rotating Grid 8. Crossed Grid End of section, select to return to section start

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Bucky Device 8 In this section you will be introduced to the function and components of a Bucky Device. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Function of a Bucky Device Components of a Bucky Device Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start 11 8 – Bucky Device Function of a Bucky Device Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Function of a Bucky Device Components of a Bucky Device Review The Bucky Device holds the grid and cassette or IR together as a unit and allows them to be positioned correctly in relation to the x-ray beam. Below are images of a Bucky device as part of a table, and an upright Bucky unit. End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Function of a Bucky Device Components of a Bucky Device Review Click icons to show, click again to hide i 11 8 – Bucky Device Components of a Bucky Device The Bucky Device refers to the tray on the table that contains the grid, and a holder for the cassette or IR. It is moveable to allow placement of the IR in line with the x- ray beam. Bucky tray i Jaws to hold cassette Can be moved toward head or foot end i cassette i i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Function of a Bucky Device Components of a Bucky Device Review 12 8 – Bucky Device Review Which of the following definitions best describes a Bucky device? 1. A device that is motor-driven back and forth several times during x-ray exposure. 2. A Device that contains a grid and holder for cassette or IR. 3. A device with four spring-like electromagnets that pull the grid strips from side to side. 4. A device that consists of two perpendicular grids that move across the platform during x-ray exposure.

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Function of a Bucky Device Components of a Bucky Device Review 22 8 – Bucky Device Review Choose the best word to fill in the blank. A Bucky device contains a ________ which can be found by pulling out the tabletop. The bucky device also holds a cassette. 3. Grid 1. Filament 2. Film Reader End of section, select to return to section start

To Main Navigation Section: Select a lesson from the buttons on the left Radiographic Tables 9 In this section you will be introduced to the common elements of radiographic tables, types of table that are available, and the unique characteristics of each type. Select a lesson on the left of your screen to get started. Table Types Lesson 1 Lesson 4 Review Lesson 2 Common Elements Table Descriptions Lesson 3

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson Radiographic Tables Table Types Radiographic tables are available in several types: Stationary (table top does not move in relation to pedestal) Floating Curved Top Flat Top Fixed Tilting Each of the different options serve different functions. First, let’s look at what they all have in common. End of lesson, select a new lesson at left

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Radiographic Tables Common Elements Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 All radiographic tables must: Support the patient Have a durable surface that is easily cleaned and does not scratch easily Be uniformly radiolucent Include space for a Bucky tray Bucky Tray: A tray that holds a film cassette and a grid. Named in honor of the inventor Gustav Bucky Radiolucent: Allows x-rays to pass through i i i i End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Table Tops: Flat Most common type Curved Often used for fluoroscopic radiology More comfortable for the patient Place the body part closer to the film for slightly more accurate imaging Difficult to keep patient in oblique or lateral position Cannot be used as a support for film cassette for tabletop radiography Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Click icons to show, click again to hide i Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions Floating Table Features: Uses electromagnetic brake to hold table in place i Allow movement along both length and width of table i Allows movement of table top in relation to pedestal i Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Fixed Table Features: Do not allow patient to be tilted i Designed for diagnostic radiography only i Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review 44 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions End of lesson, select a new lesson at left Tilting Table Features: Described by their tilting capability Allow patient to be tilted to head above or lower than feet Often used for fluoroscopic radiography i i i A 90/30 table tilts 90 degrees toward the foot of the table and 30 degrees toward the head of the table Click icons to show, click again to hide i

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Radiographic Tables Review Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Match the table description with its correct type Curved Table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table Tilting Table Designed for diagnostic work only

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Radiographic Tables Review Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Curved Table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table Floating table Allows technician to move patient easily Match the table description with its correct type

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Radiographic Tables Review Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Curved Table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table Tilting Table Used for Fluoroscopic examinations Match the table description with its correct type

of Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT To Section Start Table Types Common Elements Table Descriptions Review Radiographic Tables Review Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Curved Table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table Tilting Table Match the table description with its correct type Most commonly used table End of section, select to return to section start