Middle Childhood Review & Preview

Review Chapter 8: Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood Erikson Self and Emotional Development Play Moral Development Gender Parenting Video: Supersizing Our Kids

Erikson’s Theory Which of the following is true regarding Erikson’s theory and early childhood? a)Children who experience a supportive environment demonstrate initiative, which includes a new sense of purposefulness and eagerness to try new tasks. b)Erikson considered play to be an important mechanism in children’s exploration of new skills. c)Children who experience excessive threats, criticism, or punishment are at risk of developing guilt. d)All of the above

Self and Emotional Development A lot of improvements in self-understanding self-concept self-esteem (emotional) self-regulation self-conscious emotions The more parents label emotions, the a)fewer “emotion words” kids use. b)fewer explanations for behavior they provide. c)better developed children’s emotional understanding will be. d)more confused preschoolers will be when asked to explain what others are feeling.

Play Two-year-old Beck runs around the room, grabs a car and rolls it on the floor, and then pokes at some play dough. Beck is engaging in ___________ play. a)constructive b)functional c)parallel d)make-believe Which of the following is true of Parten’s play types? a)Parten only identified social forms of play. b)Longitudinal research shows that Parten’s play types emerge in the sequence she describes, and later forms of play replace earlier forms. c)It is the type, rather than the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes during early childhood. d)If a child spends time in non-social play during early childhood, it is cause for concern.

Moral Development Which of the following is true about discipline? a)Punishment and discipline always mean the same thing. b)Time out, or removing children from the immediate setting until they are ready to behave appropriately, is a viable discipline technique. c)Harsh physical punishment is most effective in getting children to listen to adults. d)“Catching kids when they are being good” has little effect in promoting positive behavior. In terms of aggression, which is NOT true. a)There are different types of aggression, including physical aggression, verbal aggression and relational aggression. b)Instrumental aggression is intentional, while hostile aggression causes harm on accident. c)As children gain language skills, physical aggression is often replaced with verbal aggression. d)Research has shown a correlation between children’s viewing of violence in media and their own displays of aggression.

Gender Development (matching) Terms Gender typing Gender identity Gender constancy Definitions An image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics. The realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change. Association of objects, activities, roles or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Parenting Style Examples A six year old forgets to feed his dog. Analyze each response below and tell which parenting style is being exhibited.  The parent says nothing and does nothing because he doesn’t notice. The parent is preoccupied with watching television and pursuing his own interests.  The parent says, “Get out there and feed that dog now!”  The parent says, “Your dog depends on you to take care of him. When you forget, he suffers. What can you do to help yourself remember?” The parent checks periodically to see if the child is remembering.  The parent feeds the dog himself.

Parenting, or Child Rearing, Styles Combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate. Authoritative – high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting. Authoritarian – low acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting. Permissive – warm and accepting but uninvolved; tend to be overindulgent or inattentive, thus engage in little control; let children make own decisions before they are ready. Uninvolved – low acceptance and involvement with little control or general indifference to issues of autonomy.

Parenting Styles Chart 2 ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Outcomes of Child-Rearing Styles Authoritative self-control, moral maturity, high self-esteem Authoritarian –anxiety, unhappiness, low self-esteem, anger, defiance Permissive –impulsivity, poor school achievement Uninvolved –depression, anger, poor school achievement Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

Preview: Middle Childhood Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development Physical Development – Body growth – Health issues – Motor development and play Cognitive Development – Piaget’s theory: concrete operational stage – Information processing – Individual differences in mental development – Language development – Learning in school Chapter 10: Emotional & Social Development Erikson’s Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority Self-Understanding Emotional Development Moral Development Peer Relations Gender Typing Family Influences

Quiz 11 1.True or False: Rates of psychological disturbance increase dramatically in adolescence, supporting the storm-and-stress view of this period. 2.On average, American girls tend to reach __________________, or first menstruation, (earlier / later) than boys experience __________________, or first ejaculation. 3.According to Piaget’s followers, the (imaginary audience / personal fable) refers to adolescents’ belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention. The (imaginary audience / personal fable) describes adolescents’ feeling that they are special and unique. 4.Which child-rearing style is the most effective in relation to adolescent academic achievement? Why?

Quiz Erikson was the first to recognize __________ as the major personality achievement of adolescence. a. intimacy b. rationality c. self-esteem d. identity 2. Match each identity status with its appropriate description. ______ Commitment to values and goals without A. Identity achievement exploration B. Identity moratorium ______ Exploration of alternatives without having C. Identity foreclosure reached commitment D. Identity diffusion ______ Commitment to beliefs and goals following a period of exploration ______ An apathetic state lacking both exploration and commitment 3.When confronted with the Heinz dilemma, 14-year-old Andrew reasons, “Heinz should obey the law and not steal the medicine because if everybody just stole whenever they wanted, our whole society would break down.” According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, Andrew’s answer reflects __________. a. a postconventional level of moral reasoning b. a conventional level of moral reasoning c. the instrumental purpose orientation d. the universal ethical principle orientation 4.In adolescence, gender intensification is stronger for (boys / girls).