PTERIDOPHYTA

Phylum: PTERIDOPHYTA Classis: LYCOPSIDA Ordo: Lycopodiales Familia: Lycopodiaceae Club-mosses

Lycopodium clavatum – wolf’s foot clubmoss sporophylls sporangia isospores

Lycopodium clavatum – wolf’s foot clubmoss microphylls clubmoss shoot Hungary: protected! hepato-protective, diuretic spores

Classis: SPHENOPSIDA (EQUISETOPSIDA) Ordo: Equisetales Familia: Equisetaceae Horsetails

Equisetum arvense field horsetail sporangiophores Equisetum arvense field horsetail homoiospores fertile shoots

Equisetum arvense summer, sterile shoot

Comparison of Equisetum species Equisetum palustre marsh horsetail – poisonous! Equisetum arvense field horsetail

Comparison of Equisetum species Equisetum arvense Equisetum palustre

Classis: PTEROPSIDA Ordo: Aspidiales Familia: Aspidiaceae Ferns

Dryopteris filix-mas – (common) male fern anthelmintic sorus sporotrophophyll indusium isospores

Classis: PTEROPSIDA Ordo: Polypodiales Familia: Polypodiaceae Polypodies

Polypodium vulgare – common polypody osladin (triterpene saponin) Polypodium vulgare – common polypody

Phylum: SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED PLANTS) Subph.: CONIFEROPHYTINA (CONIFERS) Gymnosperms: ovule → seed – not protected by pistil, no fruit! (only cones – inflorescences)

Phylum: SPERMATOPHYTA Subph.: CONIFEROPHYTINA (CONIFERS) Classis: Ginkgopsida Ordo: Ginkgoales Familia: Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo family

Ginkgo biloba – ginkgo / maidenhair tree

stimulates blood circulation in brain Ginkgo biloba ginkgo ginkgetin, ginkgolide stimulates blood circulation in brain

Classis: CONIFEROPSIDA Ordo: Coniferales (Pinales) Familia: Araucariaceae Araucaria family

Araucaria sp.

Araucaria sp.

Araucaria sp.

Familia: Araucariaceae Agathis sp.  dammara resin: (diterpenes) + essential oil (monoterpenes): balsam Agathis australis - kauri:  kauri copal resin  ointments, paints, varnishes

Agathis australis - kauri

Classis: CONIFEROPSIDA Ordo: Coniferales (Pinales) Familia: Abietaceae (Pinaceae) – Pine family 3 subfamilies: subfamilia: Abietoideae – firs and spruces subfamilia: Laricoideae – larches and cedars subfamilia: Pinoideae – pines

Subf.: Abietoideae Abies sp. - firs erect cones, disintegrate at maturity Abies alba European silver fir

Abies alba European silver fir

Abies balsamea balsam fir  Canada balsam

Subf.: Abietoideae female cones: pendulous, scales remain together: Pseudotsuga sp. Tsuga sp. Picea sp. Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock Pseudotsuga menziesii green douglas-fir

Picea abies – Norway spruce

Picea abies – Norway spruce Essential oil Resin: Resina piceae Tar: Pix piceae Shoot tip + cones: Turio  spruce honey

Subf.: Laricoideae - Larches Larix decidua European larch balsam: ”Venice turpentine”

Subf.: Laricoideae - Cedars Cedrus deodara deodar cedar

Subf.: Laricoideae - Vörösfenyőfélék Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka Cedrus libani cedar of Lebanon

Pinus sylvestris – Scots pine Subf.: Pinoideae - Pines Pinus sylvestris – Scots pine

Pinus sylvestris wood: resin duct

Pinus sylvestris inflorescences female/pistillate male/staminate Pinus sylvestris inflorescences essential oil, resin, shoot tips, leaves

Pinus sylvestris - saccate pollen

Pinus nigra – European black pine

Pinus nigra needle cross-section

Subf.: Pinoideae Pinus pinea – umbrella pine P. halapensis (Mediterranean region) P. halapensis (Mediterranean) P. pinaster – maritime pine (England) P. cembra – Swiss pine (high mountains)

F.: Taxodiaceae – Bald cypress family Taxodium distichum – bald/swamp cypress: aerating roots (pneumatophores)

Taxodium distichum – swamp cypress

F.: Taxodiaceae – Bald cypress family Sequoiadendron giganteum – giant sequoia

Classis: CONIFEROPSIDA Familia: Cupressaceae Cypress family

Biota orientalis oriental arborvitae Subf.: Thujoideae Biota orientalis oriental arborvitae essential oil, ! contact dermatitis, allergy

Thuja occidentalis eastern arborvitae

Subf.: Cupressoideae Cypresses Cupressus sempervirens mediterranean cypress

Subfamilia: Juniperoideae Junipers Juniperus communis common juniper Subfamilia: Juniperoideae Junipers

Subfamilia: Juniperoideae Junipers Juniperus communis common juniper: galbulus (fleshy cone) pix (tar) lignum (wood)

Familia: Taxaceae – Yew family Classis: Taxopsida Ordo: Taxales Familia: Taxaceae – Yew family

Taxus baccata (European yew): seed, other plant parts: poisonous aril: not toxic Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew): taxol: antitumor

Subphylum: CYCADOPHYTINA (CYCADS) Cl.: Cycadopsida O.: Cycadales F.: Cycadaceae – Cycad family (Sago palms) Genera: Cycas spp., Encephalartos spp.

Cycadaceae – Cycad family

Cycadaceae – Cycad family Cycas sp. (sago palms): cycasin - hepatotoxic seeds → sago flour – toxic substances washed out Encephalartos sp. (bread palms)

Subphylum: CYCADOPHYTINA Cl.: Cycadopsida O.: Welwitschiales F.: Welwitschiaceae

SW-Africa: Namib desert F.: Welwitschiaceae Welwitschia mirabilis: SW-Africa: Namib desert

Subphylum: CYCADOPHYTINA Cl.: Cycadopsida O.: Ephedrales F.: Ephedraceae – Joint-pines (Mahuang – Chinese)

F.: Ephedraceae – Joint-pines Ephedra distachya (Europe, Asia) ephedrine: contracts blood vessels – nasal drops, suppositories against haemorrhoids