HUMAN BODY SYTEMS INTERACTIONS THE BIG PICTURE

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ACTIN AND MYOSIN: WHAT TYPE OF FIBERS? WHAT TYPE OF BIOMOLECULE? HOW ARE THEY MADE? WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE CODE TO MAKE THIS BIOMOLECULE?

Functions of the Muscular System Works with skeletal system to provide voluntary movement controlled by the central nervous system – Voluntary muscles Muscles you can control Arms, legs, hands, and face – Involuntary muscles You can’t control They move automatically Cardiac muscles, stomach, intestines Lines digestive system (movement called peristalsis) and blood vessels Nutrient Absorption: – Muscles in esophagus push food down (peristalsis) – Muscle in stomach help dissolve food – Muscles in intestines help move nutrient absorption Regulation: – Muscles in blood vessels regulate body temp

Muscular System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Endocrine/Immune? Excretory? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Skeletal? Lymphatic?

Muscular System Interactions Circulatory: blood vessels lined with muscles, provides energy to muscle cells Respiratory: Diaphragm - provides oxygen Digestive: Smooth muscle in digestive system moves nutrients, provides nutrients to cells Integumentary : small muscle in skin contract Excretory: removes wastes produced by muscle contraction, bladder is a muscle Nervous: sends action potentials

Functions of the Skeletal System Supports the body Protects internal organs Stores minerals Bone marrow provides a site for blood cell formation Consists of: Bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons 206 bones in adults, babies around 300 Nutrient Absorption: Stores minerals Regulation: Produces red blood cells Defense: Produces white blood cells

Specialized Cells Osteoblasts: Make new bone Osteocytes: old osteoblasts that are no longer capable of making new bone Osteoclasts: break down bones

Skeletal System – Interactions? Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Endocrine? Excretory? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Muscular ? Lymphatic?

Skeletal System Interactions Circulatory: Skeletal makes blood cells Respiratory: Ribs protect lungs Digestive: Nutrients from digestive system used in bones Integumentary : Skin covers and protects bones Endocrine: Certain hormones will make bones grow Excretory : Protects the organs Immune and Lymphatic: WBC made in bones Nervous: protects the brain and spinal cord.

Circulatory System The heart is a muscle. What system is the circulatory system working with? What biomolecule is the heart? And how is it made? Hemoglobin’s function is to? Why do our cell’s need this molecule? Sickle-cell is an inherited trait. The cell is shriveled and cannot carry as much oxygen. What process in your cells would this affect?

Circulatory System Functions Carries dissolved gases (CO 2 and O 2 ), nutrients, and hormones to all cells Removes cell wastes Regulates body temperature by dilating blood vessels Nutrient Absorption: Carries nutrients from food to all cells Defense: WBC fight infection, transport antibodies and WBC to the pathogen or infection site Regulation: Regulates body temperature by dilating and contracting blood vessels – Pumps blood to all body parts – Circulates hormones through the body

Circulatory System Interactions Muscular? Respiratory? Digestive? Endocrine? Excretory? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Skeletal? Lymphatic?

How does the Circulatory System interact with… Respiratory System: carries gases Nervous System: controls heart rate, dilates and contracts blood vessels Muscular and Skeletal System: provides oxygen to cells to move, carries away wastes from cells, blood vessels and heart are muscles Digestive System: carries nutrients from food Excretory System: wastes in blood are filtered by kidneys Immune & Lymphatic System: carries WBC and antibodies

Respiratory Connected Why do cells need oxygen? What does this process make? What cells in your body would have more mitochondria?

Respiratory System Functions Gas exchange Animals take in: Oxygen (O 2 ) Animals release: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration: which makes ATP Defense: nasal hairs and mucous protect from airborne pathogens Regulation: Gets rid of carbon dioxide wastes

Respiratory System Interactions Circulatory? Skeletal? Digestive? Endocrine? Excretory? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Muscular? Lymphatic?

How does the Respiratory System interact with... Circulatory System: carries gases Nervous System: controls breathing rate Muscular and Skeletal System: diaphragm expands lungs Digestive System: provides nutrients to facilitate breathing Immune & Lymphatic System: fights airborne pathogens Endocrine System: Breathing rate (fight or flight)

Lymphatic System Functions: (works with immune system) Helps protect body from disease Collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns fluid to circulatory system Immune System Functions: (works with lymphatic system) To fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances

Both systems: Nutrient Absorption: WBCs kill off any pathogens that have entered the system through the food Regulation: WBCs work to keep you healthy and fight of diseases, viruses, pathogens Defense: More WBCs are produced when body senses something foreign inside of it

Add to organ/parts list… Antibodies: proteins that recognize and bind to antigens Antigen: disease causing agent

Lymphatic System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Excretory? Skeletal? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Muscular? Endocrine?

How do these systems interact with…. Circulatory System: WBC travel to infected sites in blood vessels Nervous System: control everything Respiratory: breathe in pathogens and immune system will attack as they enter the circulatory system Endocrine: thymus glands in children to “train” WBC to recognize pathogens Integumentary: First line of defense to keep pathogens out of body Muscular/Skeletal: heart pumps blood and lymph, skeletal protects and makes WBCs Excretory: blood/lymph filtered and wastes such as antibiotics and pathogens are removed Digestive: pathogens in food will be eliminated by stomach acid if they reach the bloodstream by WBCs

What happens if you have HIV (retrovirus?) What can prevent viruses? What can cure bacterial infections?

Integumentary System Functions: Serves as barrier against infection and injur Helps regulate body temperature Provides protection against UV rays Regulation: Regulates body temperature Defense: 1st line of defense and protects against UV damage

Integumentary System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Excretory? Skeletal? Endocrine? Nervous? Reproductive? Muscular? Lymphatic?

How does this system interact with… Circulatory: regulates blood flow to control temp Respiratory: Hair in nasal passageways help filter gases Digestive: nutrients to skin cells Muscular and Skeletal: Covers muscles and bones and 1st line of defense Endocrine: hormones can be excreted through skin Excretory: sweat/water balance Immune and Lymphatic: skin is 1st line of defense Nervous: skin has sensory receptors

Excretory System Functions It is responsible for the elimination of the waste products of metabolism as well as other liquid and gaseous wastes Maintains homeostasis Maintains water balance in blood Filters wastes from the blood (kidney) Eliminates wastes – Amino acids > ammonia > urea > urine Nutrient Absorption: Filters out wastes and maintains water balance Defense: Filters out wastes from the breakdown of pathogens Regulation: Filters metabolic wastes from blood

Excretory System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Endocrine? Skeletal? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Muscular? Lymphatic?

How does the Excretory System interact with… Respiratory System: removes excess wastes such as gases (CO 2 ) Nervous System: controls involuntary muscle movement for urination Muscular and Skeletal System: removes waste by products of muscles and skeletal protects Integumentary System: some wastes are lost as sweat Digestive System: helps maintain water balance Immune & Lymphatic System: produces wastes that are removed Circulatory System: transports blood through kidneys

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM What are the four biomolecules and where are they made? What biomolecule do enzymes belong to? How are they made? What system helps food move through the digestive system? What is this process called?

Digestive System Functions Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by cells. Absorbs nutrients Eliminates Wastes Nutrient Absorption: absorbs nutrients from food Defense: acid in stomach is capable of breaking down some pathogens Regulation: Provides nutrients

Digestive System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Skeletal? Endocrine? Excretory? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Muscular?

How does the Digestive System interact with… Respiratory System: provides carbs for cell respiration which needs oxygen Nervous System: gets ATP from nutrients Muscular and Skeletal System: stomach contracts to push food through Endocrine System: makes hormones (insulin) to regulate blood sugar Excretory System: removes waste products from digested materials Immune & Lymphatic System: gets ATP to kill pathogens in food Circulatory System: transport nutrients

Endocrine System What is homeostasis? Does this system regulate homeostasis and how? Does it need the nervous system to help?

Endocrine System Functions System of glands which secrete a different types of hormone Regulate homeostasis Communication Nutrient Absorption: insulin production to bring down sugar level, glucagon production to bring up sugar level Regulation: production of hormones to maintain homeostasis

Common Hormones: Insulin—blood sugar Oxytocin– labor Serotonin– sleep and mood Epinephrine—Flight or Fight

Endocrine System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Excretory? Skeletal? Integumentary? Nervous? Reproductive? Muscular? Lymphatic?

How does the Endocrine System interact with… Respiratory System: release of adrenaline to speed up breathing rate Circulatory System: release of adrenaline to speed up heart rate Muscular and Skeletal System: adrenaline will direct blood to muscle Digestive System: release of insulin and glucagon for maintain blood sugar level

Nervous System OPERATION CONTROL CENTER… Homeostasis

Nervous System Functions A communication and control system that responds to stimuli by receiving, integrating, and responding to signals Electrical messages in the nervous system are called action potentials (nerve impulses) Nutrient Absorption: sends signals to muscles in the digestive system to speed up digestion Regulation: helps body maintain homeostasis

Add to Organs: Hypothalamus: Reads or senses blood levels and then directs different glands of the endocrine system to respond and return the body to homeostasis

Positive Feedback Loop

Negative Feedback Loop Why do we have feedback loops?

Nervous System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Excretory? Skeletal? Integumentary? Endocrine? Reproductive? Muscular? Lymphatic?

How does the Nervous system interact with… Respiratory System: brain regulates respiratory rate Circulatory System: brain controls heart rate, blood pressure, etc. Muscular and Skeletal System: sensory receptors for movement and positioning Digestive System: brain controls eating and drinking behavior and the digestive tract Excretory System: sensory information to the brain to control urination Immune & Lymphatic System: stimulates defense mechanisms Endocrine System: hypothalamus controls glands for hormone production

Reproductive Review What process makes new gametes or germ cells in our bodies? How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell? 1n or 2n? Haploid or diploid? What is the process that makes new somatic cells? How many chromosomes are in our body cells? 1n or 2n? Haploid or diploid?

Reproductive System Functions Produces reproductive cells by meiosis Females – nurtures and protects embryo This is the only system that undergoes meiosis Regulation: Helps to produce and regulate hormone release Reproduction: Produces gametes and hormones for reproduction to occur

Add to Organs/Parts Gametes: sex cell, either egg or sperm, that contain 1/2 the genetic material of an organism (haploid)

Reproductive System Interactions Circulatory? Respiratory? Digestive? Excretory? Skeletal? Endocrine? Nervous? Integumentary? Muscular? Lymphatic?

How does the Reproductive System interact with… Circulatory System: circulates blood to zygote, provides nutrients/gases Respiratory System: gas exchange Digestive System: provides nutrients Endocrine System: hormones for reproduction and development Excretory System: waste removal Immune & Lymphatic System: fight foreign invaders/diseases that harm developing zygote Integumentary System: protection Nervous System: monitors development Muscular System: movement of zygote/labor for animals that go through birth Skeletal System: protection