Common Methods of Teaching English and ESP

- Grammar - translation method - Direct method - Communicative language teaching - Task-based language teaching - ESP teaching

Grammar - translation method Introduction: Derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin GreekLatin Students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and their native language.grammatical rulestranslating

Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word.word-for-word -Two main goals:

+ to enable students to read and translate literature written in the target language. translate + to further students’ general intellectual development

Characteristics 1. foreign language teaching method 2. derived from the classical 3. sometimes called traditional 4. method of teaching Greek and Latin. Latin tongue.

5. Sts to translate whole texts word for word 6. numerous grammatical rules and exceptions

7. enormous vocabulary lists. 8. Sts to read and translate literary masterpieces and classics. 9. Classes conducted in the native language.

10. A chapter in a distinctive textbook: beginning with a massive bilingual vocabulary list. 11. Grammar points: -coming directly from the texts and be presented contextually in the textbook. -being explained elaborately by the instructor.

12. Grammar providing the rules for assembling words into sentences. 13.Tedious translation and grammar drills used to exercise and strengthen the knowledge without much attention to content.

14. Sentences: -deconstructed and translated. -entire texts would be translated from the target language into the native language -tests: often ask students to replicate classical texts in the target language.

15. Pronunciation or any communicative aspects of the language: -Little attention - The skill exercised: + reading + only in the context of translation.

16. The Grammar Translation Method: - the oldest method of teaching in India

17. Translation: words and phrases of the foreign languages interpreted in the best possible manner.

18. The phraseology and the idiom of the target language: - assimilated in the process of interpretation.

19. The structures of the foreign languages: - best learned when compared and contrast with those of mother Fp9c

Direct method I.Introduction: -sometimes called the natural method. -often used in teaching foreign languages.

-the method refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language.native languagetarget language -established in Germany and France around 1900

Characteristic features of the direct method teaching concepts and vocabulary through pantomiming, real-life objects and other visual materialsreal-life objects

teaching grammar by using an inductive approach. inductive centrality of spoken language. focus on question-answer patterns

Principles Classroom instructions: - conducted exclusively in the target language.

Only everyday vocabulary and sentences: - Taught during the initial phase; grammar, reading and writing are introduced in intermediate phase.

Oral communication skills: - built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.

Grammar: - taught inductively. New teaching points: - introduced orally.

Concrete vocabulary: -taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; -abstract vocabulary taught by association of ideas.

speech and listening comprehensions taught. Correct pronunciation and grammar emphasized.

Student: speaking approximately 80% of the time during the lesson. Students taught from inception to ask questions as well as answer them.

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Communicative language teaching 1.Introduction: - Makes use of real-life situations that necessitate communication. - The teacher sets up a situation that students are likely to encounter in real life.

The Characteristics of CLT an emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language, the introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation,

the provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the learning management process,

an enhancement of the learner's own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning an attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom. ON9M

The Task-Based Method

What is the method? -Focusing on the use of authentic language through meaningful tasks such as visiting the doctor or a telephone call. -Encouraging meaningful communication and student-centred.

Characteristics: Students - encouraged to use language creatively and spontaneously through tasks and problem solving Students:

- focus on a relationship comparable to real world activities.

The conveyance of some sort of meaning: central to this method Assessment primarily based on task outcome TBLT: student-centered

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ESP Teaching I. English for specific purposes (ESP), not to be confused with specialized English, is a sphere of teaching English language including Business English, Technical English, Scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters, English for tourism, English for Art Purposes, etc.specialized EnglishteachingEnglish languagetourism

Aviation English as ESP is taught to pilots, air traffic controllers and civil aviation cadets who are going to use it in radio communications. ESP can be also considered as an avatar of language for specific purposes.air traffic controllerscivil aviationavatar language for specific purposes

Absolute characteristics ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners (Maslow's hierarchy of needs).Maslow's hierarchy of needs ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves.

ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre.grammarlexisgenre