Sculpture  Sculpture is a three dimensional form of art. Sculptures as artworks are created by shaping or combing hard materials such as stone (usually marble), wood, metal or glass and softer materials such as clay, textile, plastics, polymers and softer metals. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou3

Types of Sculpture Free Standing Sculpture Relief Structure University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou4

A Free Standing Sculpture  A free standing sculpture is surrounded by space from all sides except the base. It is also known as sculpture “in the round” as it is intended to be viewed from any angle as we move around the piece. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou

University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou6 English: Hermes bearing the good person by Praxiteles. Parian marble, H m (7 ft. ½ in.). Archaeological museum of ancient Olympia, Greece. This work is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation.free software

Relief Sculpture  In a relief sculpture, the background area is chiselled away leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. The term relief comes from the Latin verb “levo”, to raise. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou7

Types of Relief Structure High Relief Low Relief Counter Relief Sunk Relief University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou8

High Relief In a high relief sculpture the sculpted parts protrude more than 50% from the plane. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou "Photo by DAVID ILIFF. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0"

Mid and Low Reliefs In a Mid or Low Relief, the carved form is barely raised above the surface. Coins are typical examples of mid reliefs. Source: Dutch Wikipedia, original upload 12 apr 2004 by CharlesSCharlesS University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou10

Counter Relief In a Counter Relief, the sculpted form is cut into the background. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou11

Sunk Relief In a Sunk Relief, the sculpted image barely rises above a sunken area shaped round the image, so that the relief never rises beyond the field. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou12

Exercise 1  What is sculpture?  How many types of reliefs have we got?  What is the main difference between a high relief and a low relief?  What is a counter relief? University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou13

Exercise 2 Find the right choice:  _____ is a sculpturing technique in which materials are worked by removing. Α. WeldingB. modelingC. carvingD. casting  A sculpture that is surrounded from all sides except the base is known as _____. Α. Free standingB. reliefC. high reliefD. counter relief  Monumental bronze reliefs are made by _____. Α. WeldingB. modelingC. carvingD casting  Where more than 50% of the depth in a relief print is shown then we have a _____. Α. Low reliefB. counter reliefC. high reliefD. shallow relief University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou14

 Where the plane is scarcely more than scratched in order to remove background material, then we have a ______. Α. High reliefB. counter reliefC. low reliefD. sunk relief  Where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it, then we have a ______. Α. High reliefB. counter reliefC. low reliefD. sunk relief University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou15

Exercise 3 Match the items in the two columns: MarbleA heavy sticky soil used for making pots, bricks ClayWoven material TextileTo change MoldA metal tool with a sharp edge used to cut wood or stone Modulateto shape a soft substance ChiselTo pour liquid metal, plastic into a mould ReliefA hard white rock used for making buildings CastShape or decoration that is raised above of the surface that it is on University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou16

Sculpturing Techniques Carving Modeling Casting Constructing Assembling University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou17

Carving  Carving is a reductive process. It refers to the working of hard material such as stone, marble, wood, aerated concrete or plaster. The artist disposes of waste material by cutting, chiseling, carving and abrading. As removed material can not be replaced, carving is a highly disciplined activity which needs to be preplanned. Therefore, a drawing or maquette could be used to help the artist visualize his intended form. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou18

Michelangelo's Moses, (c. 1513–1515), housed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome. The sculpture was commissioned in 1505 by Pope Julius II for his tomb. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.Creative CommonsAttribution 2.0 Generic University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou19

Casting  Casting is called a replacement process as in the most part it involves the replacement of one piece of work in a pliable material such as clay by another in a more durable material such as bronze. It involves three basic steps: University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou20

A mold is taken from the original work The original sculpture is removed leaving a desired cavity in which casting liquid is poured Once the casting liquid has hardened, the mold is removed. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou21

Casting Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptu- res; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply a "bronze". The Victorious Athlete (ca. 310 B.C.), is a rare, water-preserved bronze from ancient Greece. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou22

Modelling  Modelling is an additive technique. Plastic materials such as clay and wax are worked by hand to give form. Such materials are soft, therefore the artist needs a rigid inner support known as armature. Larger works can be modelled by having different sections of the composition separately modelled and fired. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou23

A bust of the sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, by Auguste Rodin (1882).Terracotta, originally modelled in clay. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou24

Constructing and Assembling  In a assembled or constructed sculpture, a sculpture is made of preformed components rather than a homogeneous mass of mass of material. Thus, a wide range of different materials can be used such as metal tubes, rods, plates, bars, and sheets; wooden laths, planks, dowels, and blocks; laminated timbers and chipboards; sheets of Perspex, Formica, and glass; fabrics; and wires and threads. All these are cut to various sizes and may be either shaped before they are assembled or used as they are. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou25

By Joseph Cornell University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou26

Exercise 1 Draw the proper correspondences between the items of the two columns: University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou27 Stone carvingIt is an engraved gem BronzeLiquid material is poured in a mold. CameoIt refers to the shaping of a stone through stone removal Hard stone carvingIt is the most popular metal for metal cast sculptures Clay and waxIt is an additive process AssemblageAre preliminary sketches for large carvings ModelingAre mostly used in modeling BozzettiIt refers to a three-dimensional artistic composition from putting together found objects.

Exercise 2 Fill in the table with the corresponding forms: University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou28 NounVerbAdjective shape construction assemble indulgence expand brittle ornament carve tangible solid sculpt additive

Exercise 3 Put the sentences in the paragraph in their proper order:  After several decades and limited success as a painter, Gonzalez began assisting Picasso with the construction of metal sculpture._____ Gonzalez had learnt welding while working briefly in an automobile factory._____ Subsequently, Gonzalez committed himself to sculpture and began to create his strongest, most original work._____ The invention of oxyacetylene welding in 1895 had provided the necessary tool for welded metal sculpture, but it took three decades for artists to realize the new tool’s potential._____ In the late 1920s Spaniard Julio Gonzalez pioneered the use of the welding stock for cutting and welding metal sculpture._____ University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou29