Chapter 18 THE ERA OF REFORM

REFORM To make changes in order to bring about improvement Often sought to: End abuses Correct injustices How had the growth of the country dealt with the diversity and increase in population?

2 ND GREAT AWAKENING Revival of religious feeling Belied from 1800s – 1840s Encouraged by church leaders 2 -3 days of spiritual reform Intense study of God Prayed, shouted, sang hymns The New Promise: Everyone can be forgiven of their sins Click on the image to watch a 2 minute you tube video

TRANSCENDENTALISM Emerson – Former Minister Every human = unlimited potential Must go beyond logical thinking Trust emotions, intuition, nature Question society’s rules

THOREAU & INDIVIDUALISM Thoreau= Walden Pond Solitude Refused to pay taxes to protest the Mexican war “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step tot the music which he hears.” Model Communities Search for Utopia

DORTHEA DIX & PRISON REFORM Prior to Reform: Objective of prison was punitive Prisoners bound in chains Children treated as adults Debtors locked up for less than $20 Treatment of mentally ill was horrible Post Reform Created special mental health hospitals Debtors no longer imprisoned Outlawed cruel & unusual punishments What to read more about Dorthea Dix? Click on her picture for a link

HORACE MANN & EDUCATION REFORM Mann, known as “Father of American Public Schools” Prior to Reform: School year short to kids could work on farms Wealthy families could pay for private tutors Teachers had limited training and pay Large class sizes in small school houses Believed children were on the road to prison without schooling Post Reform (albeit unfinished): Taxes used for better schools, teacher pay, buildings Predominately male African Americans excluded Click on the above image to read more about Mann

MOVEMENT TO END SLAVERY Abolitionist A person who supported abolition, or the ending of slavery 1776: Quakers stopped their involvement in slavery after the American Rev 1792: every state North of VA had anti-slavery movements 1808: The slave trade officially ended due to the Slave Trade Compromise of the Constitutional Convention 1831: William Lloyd Garrison wrote The Liberator Abolitionists wanted to end slavery but disagreed on how. A revolution? Through the political process?

FREDERICK DOUGLASS Escaped slave who was a famous abolitionist Self-educated Powerful orator and writer Started his own newspaper, North Star “Right is of no sex – truth is of no color…” Click on the below image to watch a 3 minute clip about Douglass

SOJOURNER TRUTH Famed African American Woman Former Slave “Nobody ever helps me….ain’t I a woman?” Click on the below image to watch a 3 minute clip about Truth

THE GRIMKE SISTERS Angelina and Sarah Grimke Raised in a slave-owning family in SC Believed that women and slaves have much in common Believed that if African Americans were given equal rights then it would eventually come for women as well. Helped raise money for the abolitionist movement “What then can women do for the slave, when she is herself under the feet of man and shamed into silence?” - A. Grimke Click on the above quote to watch a 6 minute clip about the Grimkes

LUCRETIA MOTT, LUCY STONE, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, & ELIZABETH BLACKWELL Mott & Stanton met at the world anti-slavery convention in London, England in 1840 They were outraged that women were not able to speak at the convention Began working with abolitionists to gain equality Stone refused to pay her taxes until she had equal rights Blackwell was the first female dr. and graduated at the top of her class – above all the men! Click on the above image to watch a 15 minute Crash Course about the Women’s Movement

SENECA FALLS CONVENTION 1848: Gathering in the small town outside of NY. Supporters launched the movement for the women’s right to vote Most in attendance were abolitionists, Quakers, other reformers Others were housewives, farmers, and factory workers. About 40 men in attendance Click on the below image to watch a 4 minute Hip Hughes about the Convention

DECLARATION OF SENTIMENTS A formal statement of injustices suffered by women, written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Sentiments means beliefs or convictions Modeled after the DOI “We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal.” Listed acts of tyranny by the govt. Demanded the right to vote The Right To Vote Proposed by Stanton and supported by Douglass However, many felt it was too soon and women should reform “slowly”

THE LEGACY OF SENECA FALLS “Ain’t I a woman?” NY would grant women control over their property and wages. MA, IN passed more liberal divorce laws. Blackwell started her own hospital. Women were eventually awarded the right to vote with the 19 th Amendment in 1920