EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens 

4 Chapter 4 Earth ’ s Resources

What is the difference between renewable and nonrewable resources? 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources  Renewable resources can be replenished over fairly short spans of time, such as months, years, or decades. Examples??  Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form and accumulate. Examples??

What are fossil fuels and how are they formed?  Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons that may be used as fuel, including coal, oil, and natural gas.  Video: Fossil_Fuels.asfFossil_Fuels.asf

1. Coal...formed when heat and pressure transform plant/swamp material over millions of years.  Most commonly used to produce electricity worldwide  mining for coal scars the land, mining is hazardous, creates air pollution problems when burned, creates acid precipitation within the water cycle. 2. Petroleum (oil)- formed from the remains of plants and animals that were buried in ancient seas. 3. Natural Gas Video: Problems_Associated_with_Our_Dependence_on_Fos sil_Fuels.asf Problems_Associated_with_Our_Dependence_on_Fos sil_Fuels.asf Types of Fossil Fuels

HOW IS COAL MADE ???

Stages of Coal Formation

HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ???

Anticlines Are Common Oil Traps

How does burning fossil fuels become electricity? Create a flowchart to describe the following process: First the coal is mined and taken to a power plant. Then, the coal is burned in a boiler which causes the water in the boiler pipes to become steam. The steam travels through the pipes to the turbine. The steam spins the turbine blades. The spinning blades turn a tube connected to the generator. In the generator, big magnets spin close to coils of wire. When this happens, electrical current is produced in the wires. Then the electricity goes out through wires to homes, schools, and businesses.

Where does your energy (electricity) come from?

Delivering Electricity 1. Power Generating Stations Duke Power produces electricity at our nuclear, fossil-fueled and hydroelectric generation stations. The “fuel” produces heat to make steam to turn an electric generator. 2. Transmission Lines deliver to substations. 3. Substations Next, substations - banks of electrical equipment - convert the transmission line voltage to lower levels that are appropriate for distribution power lines, which are used in local communities. 4. Distribution Power Lines Distribution power lines, which can be installed above ground or underground, carry between 4,000 and 25,000 volts of electricity to your neighborhood. 5. Your Home or Business A (6) transformer converts the distribution level voltage to levels that can be used inside your home or business. This voltage is carried from the transformer through an underground or overhead power line — also referred to as a (7) service drop — to (8) individual meters. That voltage ranges from 120 to 480 volts.

 Some of the most important mineral deposits are used for many everyday applications. Most mineral Ores, a useful metallic mineral that can be mined at a profit, contain valuable metals and nonmetals used in manufacturing many products. The mining of mineral ores often cause land degradation, increased erosion and sediment runoff, and often requires deforestation. What are other resources we dig up?

Mineral-Rich Hot Water Seeps into Rock Fractures

What are nonmetallic mineral resources used for?  Nonmetallic mineral resources are extracted and processed either for the nonmetallic elements they contain or for their physical and chemical properties.

Uses of Nonmetallic Minerals

What are alternate energies and describe some of the advantages? 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources Alternate energies are derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment. They share some common advantages: Most are free and renewable Most are non-polluting and eco-friendly Lessen dependency on fossil fuels Video: Hydrogen_Fuel_Cells.asfHydrogen_Fuel_Cells.asf

How is solar energy captured and used? There are two types of solar energy systems: 1.) Passive Solar Collectors- South-facing windows or large blackened containers filled with water. 2.) Active Solar Collectors- photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electric current..

What are some of the disadvantages of solar energy? * Expensive equipment * A supplemental heating needed on cloudy days and at night Video: Solar_Power.asfSolar_Power.asf

What is nuclear fission energy? In nuclear fission, the nuclei of heavy atoms such as uranium-235 are bombarded with neutrons. The uranium nuclei split into smaller nuclei and emit neutrons and heat energy. How does it work?? * Heat energy is collected from a fission reaction and the energy drives steam turbines that turn electrical generators. What are the disadvantages??? Cost of building safe nuclear facilities, hazards associated with disposal, concern over the possibility of a serious accident that could allow radioactive materials to escape. ex accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine Video: Nuclear_Power.asfNuclear_Power.asf

Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant

What is wind energy?- conversion of wind into energy How does it work?? Today’s wind machines use blades to collect the wind’s kinetic energy and turn turbines/generators. What are Disadvantages… noise pollution, visual impact, lack of large areas of land in populated areas Video: Wind_Power.asfWind_Power.asf

Wind Turbines

What is hydroelectric power?- the energy generated from falling water How does it work? The water held in a reservoir behind a dam is a form of stored energy that can be released through the dam to produce electric power. The strong water flow that results drives turbines and electric generators. What are the disadvantages?? the availability for suitable sites (need significant height for water to fall and high rate of flow), have limited lifetimes (sediments build up behind dam and fill reservoir) Video: Hydroelectric.asfHydroelectric.asf

Glen Canyon Dam

What is geothermal energy?- harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water. How does it work? Hot water is used directly for heating and to turn turbines that generate electric power. What are the disadvantages??? energy is exhaustible (individual wells usually last no more than 10 to 15 years), drilling wells disturbes the land, need to be near recent volcanic activity. Video: Geothermal_Energy.asfGeothermal_Energy.asf

The Geysers Is the World’s Largest Electrical Geothermal Facility

What is tidal energy?- energy production from the ocean How does it work? Tidal power is harnessed by constructing a dam across the mouth of a bay or an estuary in coastal areas. The strong in-and-out flow of tidal water drives turbines and electric generators. *What are the disadvantages? need to be near the coast, isn’t economical if the tidal range is less than eight meters or if a narrow, enclosed bay isn’t available.

Tidal Dams

POLLUTION: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources

What is pollution? Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment 3 main parts of pollution – Water Pollution – Air Pollution – Land Pollution

Water Pollution

Causes of Water Pollution Factors that contribute to water pollution can be categorized into two different groups – Point sources – Non-point sources

Point Sources Some point sources of water pollution include – Waste products from factories, sewage systems, power plants, oil wells, coalmines, etc. They are called point sources because they are direct sources of water pollution and can be easily identified, reduced, & monitored

Example of a point source

Non-point Sources The term non-point source encompasses a large range of sources mainly distributed by runoff. – runoff from precipitation moves through the ground and picks up pollutants, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. – storm water drainage from lawns, parking lots, and streets

Non-point source: Agricultural runoff

What is Eutrophication? Excess plant nutrients (fertilizers) enter aquatic ecosystems through run-off and promote the runaway growth of aquatic plants and algae. Many bodies of water that go through eutrophication develop into “bogs” that often kill off fish and other species because of the depletion of oxygen levels in the water.

Eutrophication

Major Types of Water Pollution

Air Pollution

Causes of Air Pollution Main cause: the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, this happens because of Deforestation and fossil fuel burning Sulfur dioxide is another air polluter and is released into the atmosphere by the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur in the atmosphere is responsible for acid rain

More causes of air pollution: CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) also contribute to air pollution by reducing the amount of ozone the stratosphere. CFCs come from a variety of places such as: – the burning of plastic foam items – leaking refrigerator equipment – spray cans

Natural Air Pollutants Natural air pollutants can include: – Smoke from wild fires – Methane released from live stock – Volcanic eruptions

Consequences of Air Pollution CO2 partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space, which produces the so-called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth during the night Increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere reinforces this effect and is expected to result in a warming of the Earth's surface CO2 in atmosphere  GLOBAL WARMING

The Greenhouse Effect

Acid Rain When emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide are dissolved in the atmosphere and water cycle, they create weak acids that can fall to the surface as acid precipitation.

Acid Rain: Its effect on a tree

Smog With the introduction of petroleum to replace coal economies in countries, photochemical smog has become predominant in many cities, which are located in sunny, warm, and dry climates with many motor vehicles Worst episodes of photochemical smog tends to occur in summer

A smoggy city

Consequences continued Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and peroxyacl nitrates (PANs), cause direct damage to leaves of crop plants and trees when they enter leaf pores (stomates) Chronic exposure of leaves and needles to air pollutants can also break down the waxy coating that helps prevent excessive water loss and damage from diseases, pests, drought and frost

Consequences continued "In the midwestern United States crop losses of wheat, corn, soybeans, and peanuts from damage by ozone and acid deposition amount to about $5 billion a year". (Miller 498)

Land Pollution

Causes of Land Pollution Four Main causes of land pollution – Construction – Agriculture – Domestic waste – Industrial Waste

Construction Buildings take up resources and land, the trees are chopped down and used to make buildings Habitat destruction

Agriculture Food is in higher demand and so forests are chopped down and turned into farmland In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers, animal manure (poop) are washed into the soil and pollute it

Domestic Waste Garbage: dumped in landfills simply because it cannot be reused or recycled in anyway.

Industrial Waste Plastics factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste disposal activity, large animal farms, coal-fired power plants, metals production factories and other heavy industry all contribute to land pollution

Consequences of Land Pollution Land pollution exterminates wild life Acid rain kills trees and other plants The vegetation that provides food and shelter is destroyed Land pollution can seriously disrupt the balance of nature, and, in extreme cases, can cause human fatalities Pesticides can damage crops; kill vegetation; and poison birds, animals, and fish.

WAYS TO STOP POLLUTION You can help to reduce global air pollution and climate change by: – Driving a car that gets at least 35 mpg – Walking, biking, and using public transportation – Using CFL bulbs over incandescent bulbs – Buying only energy efficient appliances – Recycling newspaper, aluminum, and others – Planting trees! – Avoid purchasing products that contain CFCs – Supporting much stricter clean air laws and enforcement of international treaties to reduce ozone depletion and slow global warming

What is the difference between point source and nonpoint source pollution? 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources Point source pollution comes from a known and specific location, such as factory pipes. Nonpoint source pollution is pollution that does not have a specific point of origin. Runoff is the water that flows over the land rather than seeping into the ground, often carrying nonpoint source pollution. Video: Non_Point_Source_Pollution_and_the_Current_Sta te_of_American_Rivers.asf (3 min.) Non_Point_Source_Pollution_and_the_Current_Sta te_of_American_Rivers.asf

What are the effects of burning fossil fuels on our atmosphere? Combustion of fossil fuels releases many gases into the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide. The increase of carbon dioxide has contributed to global warming—the unnatural warming of the lower atmosphere.

Major Primary Pollutants and Their Sources

What are the effects of land pollution?  Earth’s land provides soil and forests, as well as mineral and energy resources  Damage to Land Resources: Increased soil erosion Pollution that contaminates soil and water and destroys ecosystems. Changes natural contours of land. Clear cutting and deforestation. Leaking landfills contaminate drinking sources/

Surface Mining Destroys Earth’s Surface

How can we protect earth’s resources? 4.4 Protecting Resources  Conservation is the careful use of resources.

What laws have been created to protect our water resources?  Starting in the 1970’s, the federal government passed several laws to prevent or decrease pollution and protect resources. Video: The_Clean_Water_Act_and_Its_Impact_on_Riv er_Water_Quality.asf The_Clean_Water_Act_and_Its_Impact_on_Riv er_Water_Quality.asf In 1972, the Clean Water Act (CWA) required industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution into surface waters. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 helped protect drinking resources.

Preventing Water Pollution

What laws protect our air resources?  In the 1970’s, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, the nation’s most important air pollution law. Standards were set on industries to prevent to much air pollution.

Saving Energy

How can we protect our land resources?  Protecting land resources involves preventing pollution and managing land resources wisely. Compost is partly decomposed organic material that can be used as fertilizer. Recycling is the collecting and processing of used items so that they can be made into new products. Video: Recycling_Garbage.asf (5 min.)Recycling_Garbage.asf