Unit 1 Introduction to Psychology Module 1: Introduction and Careers Module 2: History and Perspectives Module 4: Research Strategies

Introduction and Careers Module 1

Psychology The scientific study of mental processes and behaviors

Two Types of Psychologists BASIC Research– Psychologists who study the origin, cause, or results of certain behavior APPLIED Research—Psychologists who make direct use of the findings of research psychologists; they deal directly with clients

Create a Skit Introduce yourselves Perform skit Once the class guesses give a short description Guess whether it is basic or applied Write on board under correct heading

History and Perspectives Module 02

The mind is a curious thing… Plato Aristotle Socrates Descartes John Locke

Early 1800’s… Science was just beginning Charles Darwin –Introduced the idea of evolution –If people evolve from less complex animals, then studying these less complex animals will lead to a greater understanding of humans

Phrenology: Franz Gall ( )

Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots Module 2: History and Perspectives

Wilhelm Wundt ( ) The “father of psychology” Founder of modern psychology Opened the first psychology lab in 1879

E.B. Titchener ( ) Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness Founder of structuralism

Structuralism Theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

Gestalt Psychology Psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

William James ( ) First American psychologist Author of the first psychology textbook Founder of Functionalism

Functionalism Theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness or the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment

Psychology in the Twentieth Century Module 2: History and Perspectives

Psychologists Sigmund Freud Ivan Pavlov John Watson Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Jean Piaget

Psychology in the 20 th Century 1.Name of psychologists 2.Contribution to psychology 3.School of thought 4.Explain how each school of thought lead to the next. *Page 22-25

Six Contemporary Psychological Perspectives Module 2: History and Perspectives

Psychodynamic Perspective An approach that views the individual as the product of unconscious forces In other words how do our unconscious fears, desires and motivations impact our thoughts and behaviors Need the help of other people to uncover

Sigmund Freud ( ) Influence on “pop culture” –Freudian slips –Anal-retentive Influence on psychology –Psychodynamic theory –Unconscious thoughts –Significance of childhood experiences

Behavioral Perspective An approach that only studies observable behaviors, not mental processes. Views behavior as a product of learning and associations In other words how punishments and rewards impact our behavior

Ivan Pavlov ( ) Russian Physiologist Studied learning in animals especially digestive systems in dogs

John B. Watson ( ) Founder of behaviorism “Little Albert”

B.F. Skinner ( ) Focused on learning through rewards and observation “Project Pigeon”

Humanistic Approach An approach that views people as basically good and capable of helping themselves. In other words a healthy individual will strive to reach their full potential

Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow Prominent Humanists Rejected idea that behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments Stressed free will in decision making Carl Rogers

Cognitive Perspective School of thought that focuses on how people think – how we take in, process, store, and retrieve information In other words, behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation

Jean Piaget Developmental and cognitive psychologist known for his studies of children’s thought processes Interested in how thinking develops

Biological Perspective An approach that views behavior as strongly influenced by physiological functions How our genes, hormones & nervous system interact with our environment to influence our behavior In other words how the mind, body & brain interact

Social-Cultural Perspective An approach the views behavior as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of specific social groups and cultures In other words, how attitude, values, beliefs, social norms and roles specific to a culture affect your behavior

Eclecticism The process of making your own system by borrowing from two or more other systems

Questions for Reflection Which of the 6 approaches do you think is the most scientific? Explain Which approach to find yourself leaning towards? Explain

Psychology in the Twenty-First Century Module 2: History and Perspectives

Behavior Genetics Combines biology and behaviorism Emphasis on the importance of both genetic and environmental factors on behavior

Evolutionary Psychology Combines aspects of biological, psychological, and social perspectives Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully.

Positive Psychology Movement that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive Should promote building positive qualities of people

The End

Psychology’s American Groundbreakers Module 2: History and Perspective

G. Stanley Hall First American with a doctorate in psychology Open the first psychology lab in U.S. at John Hopkins University First president of the APA

Mary Whiton Calkins First woman to complete the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology President of the APA in 1905

Margaret Floy Washburn First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the U.S.

Francis Cecil Sumner First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology

Kenneth Clark/Mamie Philips Clark Educational psychologists Studied institutionalized racism Studies were cited in “Brown v Board of Education”

Inex Beverly Prosser First African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology