Set up the first psychology laboratory in an apartment near Leipzig, Germany. Wilhelm Wundt

Trained subjects in introspection. Subjects were asked to accurately record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli. Wilhelm Wundt

Technique used by Wilhelm Wundt who asked subjects to accurately report their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli. Introspection

Through this process, Wundt hoped to examine basic mental processes. Introspection

Published The Principles of Psychology, the science’s first textbook. William James

Theory described by William James. Functionalism

Examines how the mental processes described by William James function in our lives. Functionalism

Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer

Argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures. Max Wertheimer

Gestalt psychology tried to examine a person’s total experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences. Max Wertheimer

Gestalt theorist demonstrated that the whole experiences is often more than just the sum of the parts of the experience. Max Wertheimer

Believed he discovered the unconscious mind- a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave. Sigmund Freud

Proposed that we must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques if we are to understand human thought and behavior truly. Sigmund Freud

Has been criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories. Sigmund Freud

Described by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

Based on the unconscious mind: a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave. Psychoanalytic Theory

Declared that psychology must limit itself to observable phenomena, not unobservable concepts like the unconscious mind, if it is to be considered a science. John Watson

Wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology. John Watson

Maintain that psychologists should look at only behavior and causes of behavior – stimuli (environmental events) and responses (physical reactions) – and not concern themselves with describing elements of consciousness. John Watson

Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs. Ivan Pavlov

The experiments by this researcher led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning. Ivan Pavlov

Expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the ideas of reinforcement – environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses. B.F. Skinner

Helped establish and popularize the operant conditioning model of learning. B.F. Skinner

Maintains that psychologists should look at only behavior and causes of behavior – stimuli (environmental events) and responses (physical reactions) – and not concern themselves with describing elements of consciousness. Behaviorism

Dominant school of thought in psychology from the 1920s through the 1960s. Behaviorism

These researchers, including Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, stressed individual choice and free will. This contrasts with the deterministic behaviorists who theorized that all behaviors are caused by past conditioning. Humanist Perspective

These theorist believed that we choose most of our behaviors and that these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Humanistic Perspective

These theorist believed that the unconscious mind – a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over of access to – controls much of our thoughts and actions. Psychoanalytic Perspective

These theorists would look for impulses or memories pushed into the unconscious mind through repression. Psychoanalytic Perspective

These theorist think we must examine our unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques in order to understand human thoughts and behavior. Psychoanalytic Perspective

These theorist explain human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes. Biological or Neuroscience Perspective

These theorist believe that human cognition and reactions might be caused by effects of our genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the brain or by a combination of all three. Biological or Neuroscience Perspective

These theorist examine human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection. Evolutionary or Darwinian Perspective

These psychologists stress that some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival and that these traits would be passed down from the parents to the next generation. Evolutionary or Darwinian Perspective

These theorists explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning. Behaviorist Perspective

These theorists look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. Behaviorist Perspective

These theorists examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. Cognitive Perspective

These theorists believe that they rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do. Cognitive Perspective

These theorists look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures. Sociocultural Perspective

These theorists emphasize the influence culture has on the way we think and act. Sociocultural Perspective