American Government and Organization PS1301 Monday, 26 January

Announcements Review Quiz

The Constitution’s Unwanted Offspring The Constitution contains no mention of political parties. What is a political party? An organization whose purpose is to monopolize government. Power. An organization whose purpose is to monopolize government. Power. One definition: “A coalition of people who seek to control government by contesting elections and winning office” One definition: “A coalition of people who seek to control government by contesting elections and winning office” A party differs from a single candidate’s campaign because a party runs an entire slate of candidates for a wide range of offices. A party differs from a single candidate’s campaign because a party runs an entire slate of candidates for a wide range of offices. A party differs from an interest group because a party seeks to win offices rather than to influence those in office. A party differs from an interest group because a party seeks to win offices rather than to influence those in office. Parties are made up of ordinary voters, officeholders, office seekers, and activists

What do parties do? Organization organize people by bring people under one tent. organize people by bring people under one tent. Provide information, propagandize party ideology for the average citizen they simplify the political world for the average citizen they simplify the political world Parties recruit candidates (more commonly, politicians are self-starters) But candidates need the party label to get elected. (more commonly, politicians are self-starters) But candidates need the party label to get elected. Contest elections Parties mobilize the electorate Parties mobilize the electorate

Consequences of Party Action Form governments Form organizations: committee/party leadership -inter-branch coalitions: between executive and leg.; senate/house -inter-branch coalitions: between executive and leg.; senate/house legislatures of 49 states and the US Congress are organized along party lines. legislatures of 49 states and the US Congress are organized along party lines. Provide accountability provide a set of people to reward or blame provide a set of people to reward or blame Dispersal of power destroys political responsibility Dispersal of power destroys political responsibility

Why only two parties? The rules of our political system play a large role in determining how voters and parties behave. Our electoral system is based on “winner take all”. It is referred to as a single member plurality system (SMD). Also referred to as “first past the post”. Under such a system, voters are discouraged from voting for smaller parties that have no chance of winning. Smaller parties are discouraged from contesting elections

Multi-party Systems Most modern democracies have an electoral system that is based on proportional representation. The system gives a party a share of seats in the legislature matching the share of votes it wins on election day. In most cases, parties put forth a list of candidates and citizens vote for the list. Thus voters choose among parties, not individual candidates. Voters have less of an incentive to defect (from their sincere preference) and smaller parties have a greater incentive to contest elections.

Sample (SMD) Ballot

Proportional Representation: German Bundestag Generally, vote for party not candidate Mixed system – two votes Germany and New Zealand

New Zealand Proportional (Mixed) System 120 members total About 55 elected by party vote from one large national district Also divided into first- past-the-post (plurality winner) single member districts (electorate vote)

Implications of Two Party System Encourages parties to converge toward the “median voter”. Parties adopt moderate platforms to appeal to the broadest possible audience Difficult for voters to recognize differences

Example of Spatial Competition Median Voter Party A Party B Party C Number of Voters

Disadvantages with Having Only Two Parties Normative concerns (what is lost) Fairness Should 50% of participating voters make govt.? Should incumbent parties draw districts? Should 50% of participating voters make govt.? Should incumbent parties draw districts?Trust If voters are not aligned with major party, and their vote is “wasted” on a third party, will they trust government? If voters are not aligned with major party, and their vote is “wasted” on a third party, will they trust government?Participation US has one of the lowest rates of participation US has one of the lowest rates of participation Why show up if vote will be wasted? Why show up if vote will be wasted?

Advantages of Two Party System Stability Multi-party democracy said to be unstable Multi-party democracy said to be unstable Must form coalition governments Must form coalition governments Evidence is that coalition governments are less stable than single party government Evidence is that coalition governments are less stable than single party government Illusion of Majority Rule Accountability “responsible party” thesis “responsible party” thesis

How Could a Third US Party Form? Institutional Change Prospects slim for US Congress to act Prospects slim for US Congress to act State Legislatures State Legislatures Citizen’s initiative Citizen’s initiative Major split in existing party Rise of regional conflict

Should Parties be Strengthened? Strong parties would: Promote party discipline Promote party discipline Provision of a clear choice Provision of a clear choice Concentration of power in hands of winning party Concentration of power in hands of winning party

How Can Parties be Strengthened? Campaign Finance Reform Allow soft money? Allow soft money? Limit contributions from interest groups… Limit contributions from interest groups… Reform primary system Closed primaries Closed primaries