How much biodiversity 2.0 million species and increasing! 24 March 2009Biodiversity.ppt2

Species: organisms that are: -similar in structure and -can reproduce successfully Over time, we see the following happen to species: 1. They change for the better  adapt 2. They change so much they become a different species  speciation 3. They go extinct

Why is Earth a giant LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM?

Earth – 4.5 billion years ago Any water? Any land? Any oxygen? JUST MOLTEN ROCK! When gas and rocky debris CRASHED together

Earth – 3.9 billion years ago

3.5 billion yrs ago – 1 st life forms! ARCHAEA BACTERIA

2.5 billion yrs ago – 2 nd living thing CYANOBACTERIA (blue-green “algae”)

millions* yrs ago (recently) PROTISTS Unicellular organisms amoeba algae

millions* yrs ago (recently) MULTICELLULAR tiny organisms seaweed

lichens

millions* yrs ago (recently) PLANTS ANIMALS (consumers) FUNGI DINOSAURS US! So now all this life…..how are we gunna keep everything straight

14 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms based upon structure Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms based upon structure Organisms are named Genus, species Organisms are named Genus, species – Binomial nomenclature – Linnaeus – Homo sapiens “humans” copyright cmassengale

15 Did Did King King Phillip Phillip Come Come Over Over For For Good Good Sex! Sex!

16 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related?

3 Domains EUKARYA PROKARYA ARCHAEBACTERIA

4 Kingdoms (of Eukarya) ANIMAL PLANT FUNGI PROTIST

Classify HUMANS!!!! Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens

CHARLES DARWIN – ENGLISH, naturalist Wrote The Origin of Species TRAVELED AROUND THE WORLD ON THE BEAGLE SHIP FAMOUS for studying IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS OBSERVED MANY SPECIES AND FOSSILS Finches His term  NATURAL SELECTION Whoever has the best adaptations  will survive  get to make babies

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22 The Galapagos Islands Finches on the islands resembled a mainland finch Finches on the islands resembled a mainland finch More types of finches appeared on the islands where the available food was different (seeds, nuts, berries, insects…) More types of finches appeared on the islands where the available food was different (seeds, nuts, berries, insects…) Finches had different types of beaks adapted to their type of food gathering Finches had different types of beaks adapted to their type of food gathering

Galapagos Fur Seals – almost hunted to extinction bc of fur

Galapagos Penguin – 3 rd smallest type of penguin, lives in hot temperatures

Flightless CORMORANT – no natural predators, you can walk right up to it! -great SWIMMERS

2 Theories of Evolution Evolution is caused by whoever TRIES their best to survive will pass down these traits to their babies. Evolution is caused by whoever HAS the best adaptations, gets to survive better so they just HAVE more babies! Lamarck Darwin

28 Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Idea called Law of Use and Disuse Idea called Law of Use and Disuse If a body part were used, it got stronger If a body part were used, it got stronger If body part NOT used, it deteriorated If body part NOT used, it deteriorated

29 Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Inheritance Of Acquired Traits Inheritance Of Acquired Traits – Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!

How do you form an ADAPTATION at first? Favorable variations occur by ACCIDENT, geography, or Could be just random changes in DNA genes- MUTATION!

2 Types of Speciation ALLOPATRIC SYMPATRIC Become new species by being separated by geography Ex. Mountains or Water in between doesn’t allow the 2 species to reproduce with each other Become new species by random genetic differences living in same place though Ex. Fish can become different in the same pond due to genetic mutations

3 PATTERNS of Evolution

a)Convergent evolution different species evolve similar traits. EXAMPLE: fish, water reptiles, and water mammals all evolved streamlined bodies

b)Divergent evolution = adaptive radiation single ancestor splits into different species to “fit” better in environment Ex.  Darwin’s finches split into different species based on what they eat

d)CoevolutionCoevolution two species totally dependent on each other they evolved together (mutualism) Ex.  Bumblebees need nectar and flowers need pollination

Evolution in Anatomy 1. Homologous structures- Similar structures, different functions Ex. Bat wing vs human arm, etc.

2. Analogous structures- similar functions, different structures – Ex: bird and insect wings

3. Vestigial structures- structures that no longer used for their original function – Ex. – appendix, tonsils, coccyx, male nipples, wisdom teeth…

4. Similar Embyros- some embryos of different species are VERY close in appearance –Did we all come from the same ancestor?

Fossil Record M- mammals R- reptiles A-amphibians F-fish

Cladogram- shows connection between species

Bio Material you should review Scientific method (steps) Acid and base (pH scale) Macromolecules – made of carbon Enzymes- what do they do, related to what macromolecules, lock and key Cells- organelles and pro vs eukaryotic Homeostasis- diffusion and osmosis (high to low) a lot to a little

Equations of Cellular respiration and photosynthesis (reactants and products) Mitosis and Meiosis- crossing over, pictures, and what type of cell each happens in. DNA- structure, function, (replication, transcription, and translation….where each happens and the base-pairing rules) Genetics- punnett squares/ geno vs phen/ hetero/homozygous….9:3:3:1 GOOD LUCK TOMORROW and WEDNESDAY>>>> TRY…….IT IS EASIER THAN YOU THINK……… REMEMBER, Eliminate at least two of the wrong answers Writing----- your task, use info from text, look at the rubric