NCAA LEGISLATION RULE 1.6/ PROP 48/42/16 Dr. Damien Clement African Americans in Sport

Overview Historical Context of Intercollegiate Athletics Rule 1.6 Prop 48 Prop 42 Prop 16 Division I Academic Reforms Graduation Success Rate (GSR) Academic Progress Rate (APR)

Historical Context First intercollegiate football game Rutgers beat Princeton (with 10 freshmen) 3 of whom were failing algebra 1889 Harvard President found freshmen over a two year period had four times as many D’s and F’s as A’s and B’s Harvard (1903) established freshman ineligibility. Followed in (1906) by Amherst, Wesleyan, William and Big Ten Conference. Counter was to establish junior varsity football programs Freshman participation repealed in 1968 (except football and basketball) - allowed in 1972

Rule 1.6 (1965) Incoming freshman student athletes must have : HSGPA Class rank Standardized test score That would predict a college GPA of 1.6/4.0 This translates into ½ C’s and ½ D’s Rule 1.6 (rescinded – 1973) Eligibility standard introduced: Graduated from high school 2.0 high school GPA without regard to courses

Proposition 48 (1986) Toughened freshmen eligibility standard in two major ways: Complete a core-curriculum in high school of at least 11 academic courses with a GPA of 2.00 English; Math; Social Studies; Natural or Physical Science; Additional Core Courses (2) Students had to achieve either a ACT: 15 SAT: 700

Prop 48 “weakened” Partial Qualifier vs. Non Qualifier

Loophole of “New Prop 48” If partial/ non qualifying student made satisfactory progress: Eligible to play on the team the next three years. What was satisfactory progress? Satisfactory progress was left up to individual school to decide.

Prop 42 (1990) Partial qualifiers May not receive athletic scholarships. Initial reaction to Prop 42: Denounced by several leading African American coaches. John Thompson, Georgetown University’s basketball coach staged a two game walk out. Prop 42 – “modified” Partial qualifiers to receive full financial aid as long as funds did not come from athletic department.

Prop 16 (1992) Raised eligibility requirements : Increase core classes from 11 to 13. English classes increased to 4 Mathematics - algebra, geometry, or a higher-level mathematics course An additional academic elective included Sliding scale that combines SAT/ACT scores with GPA to determine eligibility A GPA of at least 2.5 and SAT of 700 or a GPA of 2.0 and SAT of 900

Prop 16 “softened” Prop 16 also softened to allow partial qualifiers to practice with teams and to receive athletic scholarships.

NCAA NEW RULES (Aug. 2002) Core classes increased to 14 Sliding scale adjusted : SAT-score as low as 400,if overall (HS) GPA of 3.55 Additionally: To remain eligible: complete 40 % of the requirements for a degree by the start of the Jr. year 60 % by the start of the fourth year 80 % by the start of the fifth year

Today To be eligible to play Division I sports: Successful completion of 16 core courses Sliding scale of GPA and Test Scores (ACT/SAT) e.g., 3.0 GPA, 620 SAT or 52ACT Once in college: 40% of coursework by end of second year 60% by end of third year 80% by end of fourth year Allowed five years to graduate while receiving athletic related financial aid All student athletes must earn a minimum of 6 hours each term to be eligible for the next semester

Division I Academic Reform: Overview

Phase 1: The Standards

Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences NCAA Graduation Success Rate (GSR) Intended as a management tool to capture the academic success of all scholarship student athletes

Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences Academic Progress Rate (APR) Intended as a “real-time” assessment of each team’s academic performance and awards points for academic eligibility and retention based on a term-by-term basis Hold each team accountable for the success of student athletes in the classroom and the progression they are making towards graduation “Cut rate”- an acceptable program and graduation rate. Set at 925 (represents an expected graduation rate of 50% of student athletes)

Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences Penalties include: Loss of scholarships Loss of recruiting opportunities Access to preseason and post season competition Membership status

Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences Public Recognition Awards ( ) WVU Sports Women’s Cross Country Women’s Soccer Men’s Basketball Penalty List ( ) WVU Sports Women’s Rowing

Let’s take a closer at the APR

West Virginia University’s APR scores

WVU Men’s Sports APR (08-09) WVU Women’s Sports APR (08-09) Basketball1000Basketball980 Baseball928Cross Country 1000 Football952Gymnastics1000 Soccer989Soccer989 Swimming984Swimming984 Wrestling962Tennis974 Track991 Volleyball979 Rowing926

Bowl Championship Series (Sun Nov 28, 10) and APR TeamAPR (08-09) 1.Auburn915 # 2. Oregon Texas Christian983 4.Stanford975 5.Wisconsin968 6.Ohio State991 * 7.Arkansas956 8.Michigan State946 9.Oklahoma Louisiana State West Virginia974 * - Lowest # - Highest

Men’s Basketball AP Top 25 (Mon Nov 29, 10) and APR TeamAPR (08-09) 1. Duke1000 # 2. Ohio State Pittsburgh Kansas1000 # 5. Kansas State Michigan State Connecticut844 * 8. Syracuse Missouri Kentucky922 UR. West Virginia1000 # * - Lowest # - Highest

Women’s Basketball AP Top 25 (Mon Nov 29, 10) and APR TeamAPR (08-09) 1. Connecticut Baylor959 * 3. Stanford Xavier Duke1000 # 6. Ohio State1000 # 7.Texas A & M Kentucky Tennessee West Virginia980 * - Lowest # - Highest

Conclusion “The image of the dumb jock is fading….athletes’ graduation rate is inching towards 80%” Myles Brand “Academic reforms are taking hold” Myles Brand “77% of all Division I athletes are getting degrees within six years of entering college and rates are climbing in 25 of the 35 men’s and women’s sport” (Wienberg, 2006)

Progress is definitely being made with regards to increasing the emphasis being place on the “student aspect” of student athlete