US History & Government ©2012, William Floyd High School Library Regents Review Part II: Expansion, Civil War & Reconstruction

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 In July of 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott spearheaded the first women's rights convention in American history. Although the Convention was hastily organized and hardly publicized, over 300 men and women came to Seneca Falls, New York to protest the mistreatment of women in social, economic, political, and religious life.

Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny- It was the nation’s “God- given” right and destiny to expand west all the way to the Pacific Ocean

The Louisiana Purchase Wanted Port of New Orleans France offered all of their territory for $15 Million Doubled the size of the United States Port To Europe To the North

Tariffs In order to protect domestic (American) industry against foreign competition, the Federal government has often levied tariffs (or taxes) on imports. This policy is called, “economic protectionism.”

Plantations in the South Factories in the North Before the Civil War, slavery was not widely practiced in the Northern states. The economy of the Northern states centered around industry and manufacturing. The Southern economy relied upon large plantations and the production of cotton and tobacco. The south’s climate (long summers, mild winters, lots of rain) made growing cotton and tobacco easy to do. Slave labor increased during the years leading up to the Civil War.

Dred Scott Decision Supreme Court ruling that established slaves as property- no black, free or slave, could claim United States citizenship and Congress could not prohibit slavery in United States territories.

The Civil War: Secession Secession of the Southern States from the Union Increasing Sectionalism Election of 1860 Disagreements over states’ rights issues Breakdown of Compromise between slave states & free states Fort Sumter, South Carolina- April 12, 1861, first shots of the Civil War were fired History: In December 1860, South Carolina became the first Southern State to secede (withdraw) from the Union. After South Carolina's secession, the two sides- Confederacy and Union- turned their guns toward each other. The crisis reached its peak when President Abraham Lincoln ordered that supplies be sent to the fort. The Confederacy chose to fire on the fort rather than allow it to be resupplied.

Civil War: Abraham Lincoln At the start of the Civil War, President Lincoln took two positions: 1.The Southern States had no legal right to secede from the Union. 2.The primary goal of the war would be to preserve the Union (not to end slavery).

Civil War: Results Power of the Federal government strengthened Secession is no longer an option for states No state has the right or power to end the Union

Reconstruction Plans “With malice toward none, with charity for all” - Abraham Lincoln Lincoln & Johnson- Lenient to SouthRadical Republicans- Punish the South Both Lincoln and Johnson supported lenient plans for Reconstruction. 10% Plan (Lincoln): Once ten percent of a southern state's 1860 voters had taken an oath of loyalty, the state could rejoin the Union. Both Lincoln and Johnson provided for a generous amnesty to allow Southerners to retain their property and reacquire their political rights. Johnson supported the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery but was reluctant to support Black suffrage believing this was an issue for states. Believed the South should be punished for starting the war and hoped to protect the rights of Freedmen (former slaves). Extended the Freedmen's Bureau to provide food, clothing, shelter, and education to freedmen and war refugees. Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Passed over Johnson's Veto) designed to grant freedmen full legal equality Divided the South into 5 districts and placed them under military rule (disbanded governments readmitted under Lincoln/Johnson plans Required S. States to ratify the 14th Amendment Guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in conventions to write new state constitutions 15th Amendment “…the crimes of the South are sufficient to justify the exercise of the extreme rights of war- to execute, to imprison, to confiscate” – Thaddeus Stevens

Constitutional Amendments 13 th Ended Slavery 14 th Granted Citizenship to African Americans Granted Right to Due Process of Law to African Americans 15 th Granted African American MEN the right to vote But: This did not guarantee African American men would be allowed access to their local polls- violence against African Americans at polling places was widespread and literacy tests, poll taxes, the Grandfather clause and other laws intended to keep African American men from voting became common Black Codes/ Jim Crow Laws White Southerners sought ways to control newly freed African Americans They wrote Black Codes to regulate civil and legal rights, from marriage to the right to hold and sell property In many ways the codes guaranteed African Americans would continue working as farm laborers The 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments gave rights to former slaves

Jim Crow Laws Practices, institutions and laws that discriminated against African Americans Separation of races in many public places Plessy vs. Ferguson Supreme Court decision that made “ separate but equal ” public facilities legal Solid South: In the aftermath of the American Civil War the former Confederate states maintained a cohesive voting pattern for nearly a century. It became known as "The Solid South" and was counted in the Democratic column for years.

The Homestead Act of 1862 The Homestead Act gave undeveloped frontier land to adult “heads” of families if they simply lived on the land for five years and worked to improve the land. Result: Native Americans were aggressively moved off of their land to make way for the new settlers.

The Dawes Act of 1887 Tried to “Americanize” Native Americans by: Abolishing all tribes Giving former members of tribes land that they could live on Native Americans were NOT considered citizens of the United States during this time.