The Missouri Question - Northerners were against adding Missouri to the union as a slave state because it would disrupt the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states. Illinois (1818)Alabama (1819) Indiana (1816)Mississippi (1817) Ohio (1803)Louisiana (1812) Vermont (1791)Tennessee (1796) Rhode IslandKentucky (1792) New YorkVirginia New HampshireNorth Carolina MassachusettsSouth Carolina ConnecticutMaryland New JerseyGeorgia PennsylvaniaDelaware Balance of Free and Slave States (1819) Free StatesSlave States Original 13 States

Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, and Maine was admitted as a free state. Illinois (1818)Alabama (1819) Indiana (1816)Mississippi (1817) Ohio (1803)Louisiana (1812) Vermont (1791)Tennessee (1796) Rhode IslandKentucky (1792) New YorkVirginia New HampshireNorth Carolina MassachusettsSouth Carolina ConnecticutMaryland New JerseyGeorgia PennsylvaniaDelaware Balance of Free and Slave States (1821) Free StatesSlave States Original 13 States Maine (1820)Missouri (1821)

Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 36, 30'N. Slavery was banned north of 36, 30'N, except for Missouri. Sectionalism – loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country.

* people in UT and NM used popular sovereignty to decide on the slavery issue Compromise of 1850 I. California became a free state. II. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two parts; Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM). III. The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. IV. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed.

Illinois (1818)Alabama (1819) Indiana (1816)Mississippi (1817) Ohio (1803)Louisiana (1812) Vermont (1791)Tennessee (1796) Rhode IslandKentucky (1792) New YorkVirginia New HampshireNorth Carolina MassachusettsSouth Carolina ConnecticutMaryland New JerseyGeorgia PennsylvaniaDelaware Maine (1820) Iowa (1846) California (1850) Michigan (1837) Wisconsin (1848) Free States Slave States Original 13 States Missouri (1821) Arkansas (1836) Florida (1845) Texas (1845)

Slave and Free Territories Under the Compromise of 1850

You could be fined and/or imprisoned for helping a runaway slave. Cazenovia, MA, Fugitive Slave Law Convention held on 21 and 22 August 1850; Frederick Douglass is seated at the right side of the table. The Fugitive Slave Law All Americans, by law, were required to help catch runaway slaves. This law infuriated northerners!

The people of each territory voted on whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty) Kansas-Nebraska Act

* The Kansas-Nebraska Act violated the Missouri Compromise. Both territories were north of 36, 30’ N and should NOT have been allowed to have slaves.

Both sides claimed victory on the vote! “Bleeding Kansas” Before the vote on slavery: Northerners crossed the border to keep KS a free state. Southerners crossed the border to make KS a slave state.

* In 1859, he and his followers seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. John Brown John Brown and his sons were responsible for the brutal murder of several proslavery men near Pottawatomie, Kansas in The men were called out of their homes at night and hacked to death with swords. This was just one of many incidents that earned Kansas Territory the name of "Bleeding Kansas.”

Lincoln – Douglas Debates In 1858, Abraham Lincoln challenged incumbent Stephen Douglas for his seat in the Senate. (Incumbent – the holder of an office or position) Abraham Lincoln (left) and Stephen Douglas (right)

Douglas believed that each territory should be able to decide on its’ own whether or not to allow slavery by using popular sovereignty. Lincoln – Douglas Debates Stephen Douglas: Lincoln was wrong for wanting to end slavery. If Lincoln tried to end slavery, the U.S. could face a civil war.

Lincoln believed that African Americans were guaranteed “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”, as stated in the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln personally believed that slavery was evil and should be kept out of the territories. Lincoln – Douglas Debates Abraham Lincoln:

However, Lincoln became well known throughout the nation. Lincoln – Douglas Debates Results: Douglas won the debates by a slim margin.

Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. His owner died while living in Wisconsin. Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision * Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a free man since he lived in a Wisconsin for four years. Dred Scott

A: NO SUPREME COURT DECISIONS: Q: Was Scott a U.S. citizen with the right to sue? A: NO Q: Did living in a free territory make Scott a free man? A: NO Q: Did Congress have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory?

The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional. RESULTS: Dred Scott was not given his freedom. Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (Compromise of 1850) Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act) Missouri Compromise line is declared unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

Election of 1860: Main Candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) John Bell (Constitutional Union)

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of America. Secession: Original Confederate flagEventual Confederate flag

Civil War: Union v. Confederacy

 Abraham Lincoln: 28 “ A House divided against itself cannot stand” -- A. Lincoln Little political experience (served 1 term in the House of Representatives) Strong reputation for honesty, temperance, jokes and storytelling

29 Jefferson Davis: “All we ask is to be left alone” -- J. Davis West Point graduate, Colonel in Mexican-American war, Secretary of war, & Senator from Miss. Who has the advantage in leadership? Not a popular president, especially with big fans of state’s rights

 Fort Sumter: 30 Where? Fort Sumter lies in the harbor of Charleston, S.C.

31 Why? When Lincoln enters office, fort is running out of food What? Lincoln can either defend the fort and risk war or abandon it and look weak in the eyes of the South

32 So... Lincoln sends unarmed vessel with food, giving the governor of S.C. plenty of warning S.C. attacks anyway and Lincoln asks for Northern volunteers This attack on the Union probably helps him keep many of the border states

Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor April 12 and 13, 1861

Fort Sumter, S.C., April 4, 1861, under the Confederate flag.

Fort Sumter, South Carolina, was important because it guarded Charleston harbor * The Civil War had now begun! Fort Sumter Therefore, the Confederates attacked, defeating the Union soldiers.

North Population: 22 million 4 million men of combat age 36 South Population: 9 million 1.2 million men of fighting age 3.5 million slaves North has the advantage in population

North Economy: 100,000 Factories 70,000 miles of Railroad $190,000 in bank deposits 37 South Economy: 20,000 factories 9,000 miles of Railroad $50,000 in bank deposits North has the advantage in industrial power

North Armed Forces: mostly drafted soldiers with overly cautious officers More soldiers African Americans - 10% of Union forces Strong navy 38 South Armed Forces: better trained soldiers & better leadership No real navy North has the advantage in # of soldiers, but South in the quality of soldiers & generals

North Government - Strong well- established government 39 South Government - Weak government, most power given to states North has a stronger government, better able to direct resources (people & products) towards the war

North Motivation: Preserve the union Later - free the slaves 40 South Motivation: Preserve way of life Who has the advantage in motivation? You decide.