Secession and The Civil War Chapter – 1865

Read Page 423  Who was Lincoln?  What prepared him for the difficult task he faced?

The War  South Carolina secedes December 1860  Lee surrenders to Grant April 1865  What went on in between?

Northern Advantages  Industrialization for war production  Transportation  Supplies  Ability to borrow money

Southern Advantages  Home field advantage  Better Military Leadership  More Foreign Ally Support

Problems For The South  Serious financial problems  Difficulty in uniting

Effects of The War The war would devastate families, family farms, foreign treaties, and the landscape of the South The war would devastate families, family farms, foreign treaties, and the landscape of the South

The War  April 12, 1861 Southern forces fire on Fort Sumter, South Carolina  April 15, 1861 Lincoln ask Northern states to raise a militia of 75,000 troops  Jefferson Davis chosen as President of the Confederacy  Davis chooses to fight a defensive war  Lincoln planned to attack the south through Virginia, and from the Mississippi Valley in an effort to cutoff Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana

 Lincoln also planned to blockade Southern trade with Europe in an effort to limit the South’s access to money to finance the war  Lincoln also used martial law to acquire resources for the Northern war effort  Both sides had more volunteers than they could be armed and outfitted in the early stages of the war

Early Battles  The north lost the first major battle of the war at Bull Run Creek in Virginia, General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson of the South lead the successful effort there (July 21, 1861)  Out west General Grant lead Northern troops to victory in Kentucky and Tennessee in February of 1862

 Grant’s men also gained victory in a very bloody battle at Shiloh just north of Mississippi in April  The Northern navy capture New Orleans on April 26, 1862  However Union military leader George McClellan was slow to move towards the Southern Capital of Richmond, and the North grew impatient, and the South more confident

 In 1862 Stonewall Jackson and the south won victories in the Shenandoah Valley area of Virginia and seem poised to move on Washington  At a second Battle of Bull Run Jackson under the strategy of Robert E. Lee lead another successful campaign against the North

Antietam  September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam, Maryland, bloodiest single day of the war  Lee attempted to cut off Washington from the rest of the North  5,000 dead / 18,000 wounded  Battle was a draw, but Lee forced to retreat back across the Potomac

Emancipation  Antietam scared Lincoln to the point of doing something drastic, the Emancipation Proclamation  January 1, 1863 Lincoln declared all slaves in the Confederacy to be free  The slave labor was supporting the South’s war effort  Lincoln hoped as slaves heard, they would walk off their jobs thus hurting the South

Morale  By 1863 both sides had problems with morale  Some Northerners were not happy with Emancipation  Enrollment Act of 1863 forced Northern men to serve, but rich men were allowed to buy their way out of the military, this caused friction in the North  Many Southerners were becoming deserters

Final Battles  By 1863 Grant’s forces controlled the Mississippi river after a victory at Vicksburg, MS  Davis and Lee countered by invading the North in Pennsylvania  In early July the two sides met at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Gettysburg  The North acquired the high ground early  Lee decided it was time to take on an enemy he miscalculated the power of Northern forces  Southern forces were defeated at Gettysburg as Grant was wrapping up his campaign in Mississippi, the Independence Day victories game the North the momentum to win the war

Final Stage  Lincoln gave Grant full control of Union troops in March of 1864  Grant gave Sherman the green light to march south  Sherman’s march destroyed Southern cities and Southern morale  The military successes won Lincoln reelection in 1864

 April 9, 1865 a defeated Lee would surrender to Grant at Appomattox, Virginia  On April 14, John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln at Ford’s Theater

Effects of The Civil War  618,000 dead  4 million freed slaves (13 th Amendment)  Federal Government powers greatly increased  Women on both sides had become more empowered  Sherman’s march of Northern occupation would create great hatred in the South