Workshop Ingeniørforeningen IDA Bæredygtighed i praksis: Nye koncepter og værktøjer 06 April 2016 Markus Erhard European Environment Agency, Copenhagen Ecosystem Services

The General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020 (7 th EAP) Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council Sustainability Targets

PO 1: Protect & enhance natural capital Biodiversity Water, Marine Land and soil Forests Nutrient cycle PO 2: Transition to resource efficient, low- carbon economy Climate mitigation SCP, Waste Eco-innovation Industrial emissions Water stress PO 3: safeguard health & wellbeing Chemicals Air quality Drinking and bathing water quality Noise Climate adaptation Thematic Priority Objectives

Ecosystem Service Definition  Ecosystem services are nature´s benefits to humans (Millennium Assessment (MA), 2005; TEEB 2010)  Focus on the link between ecosystem services and human well being instead of analysing problems on the intrinsic value of nature

Ecosystems and Human Well-being Source: Burkhard et al., 2012

Source: Potschin & Haines-Young, 2011 Biophysical structure or process (e.g. woodland habitat or net primary productivity ) Service (e.g. flood protection, or harvestable products) Service (e.g. flood protection, or harvestable products) Function (e.g. slow passage of water, or biomass) Function (e.g. slow passage of water, or biomass) Benefit (e.g. contribution to aspects of well- being such as health and safety) Benefit (e.g. contribution to aspects of well- being such as health and safety) Σ Pressures Value (e.g. replacement costs / willingness to pay for woodland protection or for more woodland, or harvestable products) Value (e.g. replacement costs / willingness to pay for woodland protection or for more woodland, or harvestable products) Critical levels of natural capital? Limit pressures via policy action? The Cascade Model: From Ecosystems to Benefits

Ecosystem Service Types Human well-being Ecosystem condition Cultural services Landscape Landscape Recreation, outdoor activities Recreation, outdoor activities Nature tourism Nature tourism Training and education Training and education Nature´s role in arts Nature´s role in arts Provisioning services Provision of food Provision of food Clean water Clean water Building material Building material Bioenergy Bioenergy Biochemicals Biochemicals Regulatory services Mitigation of climate change Mitigation of climate change Water purification Water purification Avoiding floods and droughts Avoiding floods and droughts Avoiding noice Avoiding noice Pollination services Pollination services Pest and disease regulation Pest and disease regulation Ecosystem service classifications: CICES (EU and UNSD) Millenium Assessment TEEB NESCS and FECS (US-EPA)

Timber production Flood regulation Production of food Local climate regulation Recreation Aestetic values Habitat services Carbon sequestration Air purification Water infiltration Health and Well-being Depends on the Range of Ecosystem Services

Ecosystems and their Services as Part of Natural Capital Source: Maes et al., 2013.

Link to Policy and Planning Ecosystem / ecosystem service assessment

Source: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2015) Ecosystems – Ecosystem Services Ecosystems are multi-functional and provide multiple ecosystem services (synergies and trade-offs) Ecosystem condition = service capacity depends on physical, chemical and biological condition triggered by - drivers (land take, agriculture, forestry, fisheries...) - pressures (land/sea use change and management, air pollution, nutrient load, climate change, … ) Multi-criteria decisions (environmental, economical, social, cultural dimensions)  nature based solutions, resource efficiency, green economy,...

Example Irish Sea: Ecosystems and their Services – Coastal, Marine and Maritime space

 Landuse  Tourism  Oil & Gas  Coastal defence  Ports & Navigation  Military activities  Culture  Conservation  Dredging & Disposal  Submarine cables  Fishing  Renewable energy  Marine recreation  Mineral extraction  Mariculture Example Irish Sea: Ecosystems and their Services - Coastal, Marine and Maritime space Source: DEFRA UK Isle of Man Irland Irish Sea 40,000 square miles (100,000 square km)

Pressures Affecting Ecosystem Service Capacity Do we Increase/Decrease our Natural Capital? Five types of main pressures (MA, 2005) 1.Habitat changes (structural changes) including land/sea take (settlements, industry, infrastructure) 2.Climate change 3.Invasive alien species 4.Land/sea use or exploitation (management) 5.Pollution and nutrient enrichment

Intensification Pre-industrial small fields – increasing area of agriculture extensive use – nutrient limited renewable energy – ‘constant‘ climate Industrial large fields – land abandonment, land take intensive use – fertilizers, pesticides fossil fuels – climate change & air pollution Source: EEA technical report 6/2015

Management Intensity Aggregated indicator for management intensity pressure on cropland (arable land) as combination of land management (fertiliser and irrigation) and crop yield ETC/SIA 2014; EEA ecosystem condition report, 2016

Habitat Change Change in management

New ecosystems ? Alien species in native forests Trachycarpus fortunei (Chinese Windmill Palm) G.-R. Walther, 2008 Habitat Change

Land use conflicts

Proximity to Nature Source: EEA, urban sprawl report, 2016

Sea Use ETC/SIA 2014 right: pressures on the North Sea (top) and Mediterranean Sea (bottom) Marine and coastal ecosystem conditions  sea use / exploitation Fisheries, energy production and shipping

Mapping Ecosystem Services: ee.g. Pollination Gaps in Agricultural Landscapes Source: J. Maes, JRC, 2014

Spatial Connectivity Source: J. Maes, JRC, 2014

‘Ecosystem Assessment’ Platform on BISE MAES digital atlas: Catalogue of case studies: maes-catalogue-of-case-studies maes-catalogue-of-case-studies

Ecosystem / Ecosystem Service Assessments (Member States)

OPPLA Platform

Timeline Ask Oppla (public Beta): launched! Oppla (private Alpha launch): March 2016 Oppla (public Beta launch): September 2016 Oppla full launch:2017…

Thank you EEA: Ecosystem / Ecosystem service Assessment: MAES digital atlas MAES catalogue of case studies: Ecosystem Service Classification: The Ecosystem Services Partnership: OPPLA Platform (OPERAs & OpenNESS Projects): ESMERALDA Project: