April 6, What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? 2.What is Napalm? 3.Who were the Vietcong? 4.What line separated North and South Vietnam? 5.How did the war become unpopular in the USA?

The Cold War Divides The World and

The World Post WWII the worlds nations were one of three worlds First World- Industrialized capitalist nations ( U.S. and allies) Second World- Communist Nations led by USSR Third World- Developing newly independent nations who were not aligned with the superpowers Third world nations were another competitive arena for the superpowers.

Fighting For The Third World Third world nations were: - Located in Latin America, Asia, and Africa - Econ. Poor - Politically unstable - Endured ethnic conflicts - Lack of technology - Lack of education *Communism and capitalism were the two main political and economic systems that these developing countries had to choose from

Cold War Strategies Propaganda Espionage Multination alliances Foreign Aid Brinkmanship Surrogate Wars Vigilance is our weapon. Be vigilant!

Association of Nonaligned Nations India /Indonesia remained neutral Called themselves the “THIRD FORCE” of independent countries Bandung Conf hosted leaders of Asia, and Africa

Confrontations in Latin America Latin American countries Seek aid from the superpowers due to – * Industrial growth * Population boom * Gap between rich and poor * Many countries alternate between Democ. and military rule

Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution Fulgencio Batista unpopular dictator in the 1950s U.S. Supported Batista Jan Fidel Castro led the revolution to overthrow Batista Fulgencio Batista Fidel Castro

Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution Cont. Castro the humane ruler - improved econ., Est. Social reforms Castro the Dictator- Suspended elections, jailed or executed opponents, tightly controlled Cuban econ. Castro Nationalizes the economy 1. Castro took over all foreign industry- Sugar mills, and refineries 2. U.S. Pres. Eisenhower issued trade embargo 3. Castro turns to soviets for econ/military aid

Bay of Pigs 1960-CIA began to train anti- Castro Cuban Exiles April 1961 revolutionaries invaded the Bay of Pigs U.S. did not provide promised air support Castro’s army easily defeated the invaders Why did U.S. back out?

The Cuban Missile Crisis Nikita Khrushchev ordered Soviet expansion into Latin America July,1962 Soviets build 48 missile sites in Cuba U.S. spy plane discovered sites Cuba 90 miles off cost of Florida

The Cuban Missile Crisis Cont Pres. John F. Kennedy- - Demanded the removal of the missiles - Ordered a naval blockade Missiles were removed on two cond. - U.S. agreed to never invade Cuba - remove missiles from Turkey Castro now dependent on Soviet aid Must back Communist revolutions in Latin America and Africa 1991 USSR collapses

Civil War in Nicaragua U.S. Supported Anastasio Somoza and his families dictatorship since communist Sandinista rebels toppled Somoza’s son U.S. and soviets gave Sandinistas aid under Daniel Ortega Sandinistas gave aid to Marxist rebels in EL Salvador U.S. gave aid to anti-communist rebels called Contras Fighting went on for ten years weakened the countries econ.

Confrontations in the Middle East (Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran) Oil Money fueled fire between – Traditional Islamic Values Modern Western Materialism

Culture Conflict in Iran Shah Mohammed Reza, Embraced: -Western Governments - Wealthy Oil Co. -Iranian nationalists: -Resent foreign alliances -Back P.M. Mohammed Mossier -The Shah Is forced to flee and Mossadeq nationalized British oil companies -U.S. feared Soviet support, and helped restore the Shah to power

Shah Westernizes Iran Shah turns Tehran into modern city -Modern banks -Factories -Skyscrapers *Most of Iran lived in extreme poverty Ayatollahs were Muslim conservative leaders who opposed the Shah

(1978) Ayatollah Khomeini- -Lived in exile -Spurred riots in every major city through a taped recorded message Shah fled Iran Khomeini returned Iran to a militant form of Islam Islamic extremists seized the U.S. embassy in Iran took 60 U.S. hostages and demanded the Shah face trail Hostages released in 1981 after 444 days

War in The Middle east Iran ‘s radical Islamic policies created tension between Iran and Iraq’s Secular dictator Saddam Hussein War broke out in 1980 U.S. aided both sides (Why?) Soviet aided Iran UN Negotiated peace in 1988

Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan Afghanistan remained Independent after WWII 1950s Soviet influence increased 1970s Muslim revolt toppled the communist Govt Soviets invaded Soviets expected to only help Communist govt. restore power and then get out Soviet Helicopter Afghan Rebels

Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan Cont Soviets found themselves stuck Muslim holy warriors Mujahideen out maneuvered Soviets U.S. armed rebels to stop the Soviet threat to the oil fields U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter cut off grain and boycotted 1980 Moscow Olympics 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev pulled Soviets out of Afghanistan Internal unrest and econ. Problems beg to unravel USSR