S EED P LANTS Outnumber seedless plants 10 to 1 They are food—rice, peas, squash They make materials like clothes, furniture and oxygen.

C HARACTERISTICS OF SEED PLANTS Have vascular tissue—with true roots, stems and leaves Reproduce with pollen and seeds

V ASCULAR T ISSUE Transports materials throughout the plant and helps support the plant. 2 types: 1. phloem—transports food 2. xylem- transports water and minerals

P OLLEN AND SEEDS Seed plants produce pollen that contain cells that will later become sperm cells. Once the sperm cells fertilize the egg cells a seed develops.

S EEDS Three main parts : 1. Embryo-this is the young plant that develops from the zygote (fertilized egg). 2. Cotyledons—seed leaves that can store food. 3. Seed Coat-outer covering of the seed which protects the embryo

S EED D ISPERSAL Animals may eat the seed then “release” it somewhere else. The seed itself may have a structure that aids in dispersal such as barblike structures, velcro or even wings like a maple tree seed or dandelion. Water can disperse seeds—seed simply floats to another area. Some plants have an ejection system like a “touch me not”

G ERMINATION When a seed begins to grow is germination. The seed must have water and use the stored food to begin to grow. When you can see the first leaves of a plant you call it a seedling. Seeds that are dispersed far away from the parent plant do better because of lack of competition for sunlight, water and minerals.

O RDER OF REPRODUCTION Pollination Fertilization Germination

R OOTS Functions Anchors plant to ground Absorbs water and minerals Sometimes stores food

T YPES OF ROOTS Fibrous—a dense tangled mass of similarly sized roots. Ex: grass or onions Taproot—one long main root to which smaller roots branch off of. Ex: carrots or dandelion

S TRUCTURE OF THE ROOT Root Cap—the rounded tip of the root. It protects the root from injury. Root hairs—tiny hairs that grow out of the roots surface to go into smaller areas around the root to absorb water. They can also help anchor the plant into the soil. Vascular tissue, both xylem and phloem, are located inside the root.

F UNCTION OF S TEMS Carries substances between the roots and the leaves Provides support and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.

S TRUCTURE OF THE S TEM Herbaceous—contain no wood—EX: daisy or pepper plant Woody-rigid and hard like wood—EX: rosebush and trees Both types contain xylem and phloem. Woody also contains bark as the outermost layer. It also contains a layer of cells called cambium which divide to produce new phloem and xylem. Annual rings a pair of light and dark rings on a tree stump. The wide light color are growth from spring while the thin dark color is from summer.

L EAVES Function—capture the sun’s energy Structure—xylem and phloem are located between the layers of cells. The surface layers have small openings called stomata from which CO 2 enters and O 2 and water vapor exit. Place where photosynthesis, cellular respiration and transpiration take place.

2 MAIN GROUPS Gymnosperms -produce seeds that are “naked”—not enclosed by a fruit. Angiosperms -produce seeds that are enclosed in fruits and also produce flowers.