Modern International System 1648-Present

I. Classical Balance of Power Thirty Years’ War Sovereignty Realism Balance of Power Multipolarity War of Spanish Succession War of Austrian Succession Seven Years’ War French Revolution 1789 Bipolarity-Napoleonic Wars

II. Vienna System Treaty of Vienna Concert of Europe Great Powers Multipolarity Crimean War Franco-Prussian War World War I

III. Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Idealism Interwar Years VE Day May 8, 1945 VJ Day September 2, 1945

IV. Post-War Order Bretton Woods Conference 1944 International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Yalta UN Conference San Francisco June 26, 1945 UN Charter October 24, 1945

V. Cold War Truman Doctrine March 1947 Tight Bipolarity Détente Loose bipolarty Tight Bipolar Loose Bipolar Post Cold War

VI. Post Cold War 9/11/90 New World Order multilateral 911/01War Against Terror bipolar

Quiz #2 Select any issue from international affairs that involves a difference of opinion. What are the different sides. Use levels-of-analysis to explain which side should or, will, prevail, employing one of theoretical approaches presented in the Liberal image. Do you agree or disagree with that approach? Explain.

Public Policy and Politics I.What is public policy? Policy Outputs and Policy Outcomes II. Basic Concepts A.Government: institutions and choices through which public policy choices are made. B.Politics-determines who gets what, when, how and why. Preservation of legitimacy and stability optimal.

PP & P Cultural-values, beliefs, and attitudes IV. Why government involvement? A.Political B.Moral/Ethical C.Economic/Market failures V. Why study public policy? Analysts and citizens

PP & P Policy Analysis-systematic and organized way to evaluate policy alternatives or government programs. Analysts and citizens 1.Efffectiveness 2.Efficiency 3.Equity 4.Political feasibility

PP & P Man in the “state of nature”. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. III. Contexts of Public Policy A.Social-prevailing ethos B.Economic-conditions and approach C.Political-partisanship and election cycles D. Governing-US system

PP & P Government Institutions and Actors: Chapter 2 I.Growth-A brief history II.Structure- Institutions and policy capacity. Separation of powers, checks and balances, vertical and horizontal federalism-policy capacity, incrementalism III.Federalism-A brief history. Dual and Cooperative IV.Federal government-Three Branches. Separation of powers V.Informal Actors-public opinion, interest groups, issue networks

PP & P Understanding Public Policymaking Chapter 3-Politics and Public Policy: Theories Elite Theory-values and preferences of governing elites, and an elite class. Power Elite Group Theory-Informal Actors. Struggle among interest groups (advocacy coalitions). Institutional Theory-formal-legal government structures Rational Choice-cost/benefit analysis

PP & P Incrementalism Public Choice Systems Theory

PP & P Policy Process Model 1.Problem Identification 2.Agenda Setting 3.Policy Formulation 4.Policy Legitimation/Enactment 5.Policy Implementation 6.Policy Evaluation 7.Policy Change

PP & P Instruments of Public Policy 1.Regulation 2.Government Management 3.Taxation and Spending 4.Market Mechanics 5.Education, Information, Persuasion

PP & P Policy Analysis (Ch. 4): We will not do much here because it needs to be left for MPA 640 Scenario of Chatsworth train crash affected a range of cell phone use policies. It does involve examining the process and the substance. Performed by formal and informal actors in the decision matrix. We are not analyzing policy in this course. Just discussing the evaluative process.

PP & P Problems and Policy Alternatives Nature of the problem (definition and measurement Problems with problem identification Causes and solutions Information Alternative solutions p. 135

PP & P Public Problems and Policy Alternatives (Ch. 5) First step in the public policy process is problem identification 1.Define and analyze the problem. Often subjective. Operation measures. Politics. Assessment of change over time 2.Causes 3.Information

PP & P Policy Alternatives (Ch. 6) Rising cost of fuel in 2008 provoked a dilemma as to the proper policy response,ie., tax holiday, drilling. Advance existing positions. 1.Evaluative criteria-dimensions of policy objectives. Explicit criteria (cost/benefits, risks, uncertainty, political feasibility,admin feasibility, equity, legality, constitutionality) and clear standards. Effectivenes

PP & P Economic and Budgetary Policy. Recession 2008? Goals of Economic Policy 1.Growth 2.Employment 3.Prices History of US Economy Adam Smith-Wealth of Nations 1776 Comparative advantage, laissez-faire, ltd. Gov.

PP & P 1930s Depression, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. John Maynard Keynes. Demand-side economic management. “Visible”hand of government. New Deal. Cooperative federalism. Great Society. LBJ Supply-side. Ronald Reagan Clinton and Bush 43.

PP & P Tools of Economic Policy Fiscal Policy-taxation: regressive and progressive rates Monetary Policy Regulation Budget Process (p. 205) Issues: tax cuts Growth-equity trade-off.

Health Care Policy Vignette: Medicare prescription drug benefit plan, November Mixed reception. Complex but comprehensive. Emphasis on choice. Expensive for the government. Savings for seniors. Partisan debate. Issues Public/Private nexus Rising health care costs Who pays?

Health Care Policy All of the actions that governments take to influence the provision of health care services and activities to affect health and well-being. Including programs for provision of services and influences Personal v. Government responsibility dichotomy accounts for it being a relatively recent government endeavor. What is the primary objective: good health or good medical care?

Health Care Policy Medical Care: Leading Agencies A.Health and Human Services-HEW established 4/11/53. HHS 5/4/80 B.Food and Drug Administration-FDA 1862, modern 1906 C.National Institutes on Health-NIH 1887 research emphasis D.Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 1946 Fed involvement with public health, longtime.

Health Care Policy Developed after 1930s like much of US social policy Social Insurance National Health insurance debate goes back to Why?/Why not? Clinton-National Health Security Act. Coverage for every American Pros-universality, cost reduction Cons-employers, bureaucratic, intrusive

Health Care Policy Case study in the benefits and problems of divided government for policy making Hybrid System-Much more market based than elsewhere in the world. Why? Majority employer-sponsored Trending toward declining coverage

Health Care Policy What of the uninsured? 2005 latest government data. 45 million (text) 47 million (National Coalition on Health Care). Rose 2.2 million Coverage differs by region. More coverage in the NE than the SW. Strengths of the US system: Good quality p. 228 indicators Weaknesses: Coverage, costs, access

Health Care Policy Mosaic of Programs p. 229 Medicare-SSA 1935 for seniors. Medicaid-1965 Title XIX of SSA for poor and disabled. Problems of fraud an abuse for both Veterans Other Issues-portability, patient’s rights, costs p Drugs

Health Care Policy Managed Care: HMOs, PPOs. What grade do you give them? Quality of Care: errors Preventive-Good Health Causes of Death p. 251 What should be done? Choice v. Administration.

Social Welfare Social Security-Personal Accounts. Thoughts? Issues A. Poverty 20K family of four B. Katrina C. Income Distribution D.Social Security-5 million 1945, 50 million % of budget 1969, 22% :1 worker/retiree 2005, 16.5: Reform p. 282

Social Welfare Welfare: means-tested-programs Food stamps AFDC and TANF Welfare reform. Why and How?

Education Policy Beginning Vignette: NCLB. Demands; state standards, increase in testing requirements, sanctions if targets are unmet. Initial support. Subsequently waning. Issues Con: NSF, shift in the federal role in education policy, rigidity, arbitrariness, teaching to the test. Issues Pro: improved educational performance, necessary for evaluation

Education Policy Basic goals of democracy: liberty and equality, assimilation Why government? Moral and political reasons State and local governments. Why? Feds with ESEA 1965 Morrill Act for higher education Land grant colleges, GI Bill, Pells Page 295: Goals. How are we doing?

Education Policy Problems: funding, separation of church and state, quality, vouchers, teacher standards, testing requirements, public school performance. Funding-Property tax: variable, equity. Church and state-practice of religion, religious schools Quality-definitions and measurement Teacher Quality

Education Policy Affirmative Action-History Costs Reforms Merit pay, standards, salaries School choice, charter schools, vouchers Testing

Environment and Energy Vignette: Kyoto. Clinton agreed Bush declined. Reasons? Background-What is environmental policy? Like health care: prevention and treatment. History-Earth Summits. Sustainable development. Air, water, resources. P. 331 Consensus to Conflict. Partisanship. National Environmental Policy Act, EPA, regulation 1990 Clean Air Act, National Resource Policy

Environment and Energy Energy policy-history: OPEC, oil embargo, shocks, contemporary Issues: economic, feasibility, ethics

Foreign Policy and Homeland Security Vignette: Homeland Security and the distribution of anti-terror funds. Pork Barrel politics and national security. Shifted, after evaluation to new criteria. Background-foreign policy: government actions that affect US security, fundamentally.

FP Go to Slide #1 for history

FP Decision Making Executive Branch: State, NSC, Defense, NSC, Intelligence Legislative Branch: Senate and House Public Issues: Security, Economy, Humanitarianism

Homeland Security Vulnerable? Transportation Security v. Liberty: Patriot Act

FP Strategic Doctrines Monroe Roosevelt Corollary Truman Carter Reagan Clinton Bush 43

Politics, Analysis, and Choice Portland: The issue of growth was under consideration. Developers wanted to loosen restrictions Vote 57% against loosening restrictions % pro. October 2005 County Circuit court overturned Measure 37 on constitutional grounds. February 2006 Oregon Supreme Court reversed.

PP Analysis, and Choice Illustration difficulties of policy process: design Policies can focus issues Dynamics of process and opportunities it affords people are also addressed.

Education Policy Background

PP & P Policy Alternatives (Ch. 6)

PP & P Political Systems Theory-societal and political landscape, political culture, public opinion. Policy Process p. 71-Problem identification at the beginning. Instruments of Public Policy-choosing which to use (regulation, government management v. privatization) Fiscal instruments, monetary and markets.