Acids vs Bases & Electric Energy

Every Day Acids & Bases: Acids: ► Orange Juice ► tomatoes ► Lemons ► Apples Bases: ► Soap ► Baking Soda ► Drain Cleaner ► Shampoo

ACIDS vs BASES ACIDS vs BASES ► Tastes Sour  Lemons ► Reacts with:  Metals ► Corrosion  Carbonates ► Produces carbon dioxide ► Turns Blue litmus RED ► Tastes Bitter  Soap, shampoo ► Feels slippery ► Reacts with:  ACIDS  NOT Carbonates ► Turns red litmus BLUE

Acids & Bases in Solutions ► Acids –  Release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution  H is first element in chemical formula (usually) ► HCl – Hydrochloric Acid (Stomach acid) ► H 2 SO 4 – Sulfuric Acid (Car Batteries) ► Bases-  Release Hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution  Forms when bases mix with water  OH is the end element in the chemical formula ► NaOH – sodium hydroxide (drain cleaners) ► Ca(OH) 2 – calcium hydroxide (fertilizer)

Strength of Acids and Bases ► Strength – how well an acid or base produces ions (a charge) in water  Strong Acids – produces more H+ ions  Strong Bases – produces more OH- ions

pH Scale pH Scale ► Most Acidic – 0 ► Most Basic – 14 ► Neutral – 7 ► How would you neutralize a strong acid or strong base?

Neutralization ► Acid + Base = Water and a salt  Salt – any ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base  Water - ► If salt is soluble  separates into + and – ions ► If salt is NOT soluble  solid forms  precipitate

Natural Indicators: RED CABBAGE ► Red in ACIDS ► Purple in NEUTRALS ► Yellow-Green in BASES

Electrical Energy Summarize… ► Chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and electrolytes ► One electrode becomes negative; the other electrode positive ► Since they are opposite charges, a voltage occurs between the two ► Charge flows between wires connected to the terminals = electric current

► Electric Current  continuous flow of electric charges through a material ► AMP - rate/speed of electric current ► MUST have an ELECTRIC CIRCUIT! ► Electric Circuit  Complete, UNBROKEN path where electric charges to flow ► If complete – charges flow continuously ► If broken – charges will not flow

2 Types of Circuits ► 1. Series Circuit  Only one path for the current to take  one light goes out = all lights go out ► 2. Parallel Circuit  Several paths  break in one branch = charges still move in other branches

► Voltage  Creates the current  Difference in potential energy between two places (+ and -) in a circuit ► Volt  SI unit to measure voltage ► Voltage source  creates potential difference in an electric circuit  Ex. Batteries, generators

Do you remember Transformers?

Power Grid Power Grid ► system of high tension cables by which electrical power is distributed throughout a region ► Begins in a Power Plant.

Turbine Turbine ► Ran by burning either coal, oil, or natural gas ► Can be turned by wind ► Creates Mechanical Energy

Generator Generator ► “Generates” mechanical energy into electricity

Transmission Substation Transmission Substation ► step UP transformers station. ► increase voltage to 155, ,000 Volts ► Why?  To travel long distances  How does it travel? ► 3-Wire Towers -- 

Power Substation Power Substation ► Step down transformer station ► DECREASES voltage to less than 10,000 Volts ► Distribution Bus   Splits power into many directions for homes, schools, businesses.  Power now in 7200 Volts

Power at Home, School, Work ► Another Step-down transformer:  1. drum on pole or tree  2. green box on ground ► Transformer is underground ► Reduces Voltage to 240 Volts

► What continues to reduce voltage once its inside your home:  Circuit breakers  Plugs  Electric Devices

MS Power Companies: Kuhlman Electric Corporation ► Crystal Springs, MS ► Manufacturers Transformers Howard Industries ► Ellisville, MS ► leading manufacturer of electrical transformers ► “…transformers manufactured by Howard Industries … will comply with the U.S. Department of Energy minimum efficiency requirements”

► Research the importance of the conservation of renewable and nonrenewable resources.  What is Mississippi doing towards conservation?  What are other states doing towards conservation?  What are methods that could be useful in decreasing the human impact on global warming? ► Justify these methods with sited facts.