Geology Earth Chemistry Minerals Rocks

Matter Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space States of matter – basic forms in which matter exists, including solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

Matter Property – characteristics that describes matter Physical property – characteristic of a substance or an object that can be observed without changing the substance into a different substance Chemical property – characteristic that describes how a substance changes into a different substance

Properties Physical Properties –Color –Shape –Size –Weight –Density –State –Taste –Feel –Smell Chemical Properties –Burning –Rusting –Oxidation –Nuclear reactions

Elements Element – substance that cannot be changed or separated into other kinds of substances Atoms – smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element –Ex. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, iron, calcium, sodium are atoms and elements –Difference is that an element can be visible, but an atom is not

Atoms Contain a nucleus, the center of the atom, which is made of protons and neutrons Electron orbitals, or energy levels, are located on the outside of the nucleus where the electrons are located.

Compounds and Mixtures Compound – substance formed when the atoms of two or more elements join chemically Two chemically unique substance join to form a new substance; cannot be separated naturally 2Na + Cl 2  2NaCl Mixture – two or more elements mixed together, but not joined chemically Two substances dissolved in one another; can be separated naturally Salt + Water = salty water

Compounds Chemical bond – sharing or transfer of electrons between two or more atoms Formulas for compounds are used to represent compounds 1. Identify the elements by their symbol 2. Determine the number of atoms of each element. H 2 O, NaCl, Fe 2 O 3, NaHCO 3, CaCO 3

Minerals Solids Formed naturally in the Earth Have the same chemical makeup throughout Not alive or made of living things Have definite atomic patterns Can be found as pure elements, such as gold and sulfur, or compounds, such as quartz and gypsum

Minerals Found in rocks, sand, soil, and seashells, mostly beneath the Earth’s surface Found dissolved in water Mined through strip mining or deep earth mining Deposits need to be refined, separated from the rock and purified.

Sulfur Quartz Diamond Magnetite Gypsum Calcite

Properties for Identification Color – different colors are used to identify the various minerals. Some minerals may have more than one color Luster – how a mineral reflects light; metallic luster (shiny) and nonmetallic luster (dull) Streak – color of the mark a mineral makes on white tile (streak plate)

Properties for Identification Hardness – ability of a mineral to resist being scratched (Mohs’ scale, 1 to 10) Crystal shape – basic shape that a mineral tends to take (cubes, six sided, etc.) Cleavage – ability to split along flat surfaces –Fracture: jagged break pattern Specific gravity – mineral’s weight compared to the weight of water –Specific gravity = weight of sample/weight of H 2 O

Common Uses Minerals can be changed to do a specific job Minerals used to conduct electricity Minerals used in household items, such as pencils, silverware, hardware, and toothpaste Minerals used to make glass, circuits, and cans Minerals can be used for jewelry, such as gold silver, diamond, topaz and garnet.

Rocks Rock – natural, solid material made of one or more minerals Igneous rock – rock formed from melted minerals that have cooled and hardened Metamorphic rock – rock that has been changed by intense heat, pressure, and chemical reactions Sedimentary rock – rock formed from pieces of other rock and organic matter that have been pressed together

Granite (igneous)Schist (metamorphic) Conglomerate (sedimentary)

Igneous Rock Form from cooling magma, hot liquid rock inside the Earth Intrusive rock – igneous rock that forms underground from cooling magma –Texture: size of crystals in an igneous rock Extrusive rock – igneous rock that forms from cooled lava, magma that reaches the surface, on the Earth’s surface

Igneous Rock Granite (intrusive igneous)Obsidian (extrusive igneous

Sedimentary Rock Sediment – solid material, such as sand, soil, pebbles, and organic matter, that is carried in air, water, or ice and settles out Compaction – pressure applied to sediments Cementation – mixing and hardening together of sediments

Sedimentary Rock Clastic rock – sedimentary rock made mainly from fragments of other rocks –Conglomerate: clastic rock made of round pebbles cemented together Chemical rock – sedimentary rock that forms from chemicals dissolved in water –Limestone, rock salt, gypsum Organic rock – sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of living things –Coal, limestone, chalk

Conglomerate Coal Limestone

Metamorphic Rock Form from heat and pressure inside of the Earth Foliated rocks – metamorphic rock in which minerals have been rearranged into visible bands Nonfoliated rocks – metamorphic rock that does not show bands.

Slate (folliated)Marble (nonfolliated

Rock Cycle Series of natural changes that cause one type of rock to become another type of rock Heat and pressure change rock into various forms Compacting and cementation will create sedimentary rock Weathering and erosion, breaking apart of rock, will make sediments

Rock cycle