Drawing University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou3

What does draw mean? DRAW TO DRAG A MARKING TOOL ACROSS A SURFACE University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou4

Drawing Drawing is a term which refers both to the actual process of dragging a marking tool across a surface and to the effect produced. Due to the simplicity and easy availability of the materials used, it is considered the primary means of visual thinking and has been deemed the most popular and fundamental form of public expression throughout human history. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou5

University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou6

Types of Drawing University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou7 CARTOON TECHNICAL DRAWING PREPARATORY DRAWING SKETCH

 Preparatory drawings or studies are used to work out problems of the overall design of a work of art or concentrate on a single detail.  Cartoons are full-scale drawings which are used as a guide for a work in a different medium. They are often prepared for mosaics, tapestries and frescoes.  Sketches are quick, unrefined drawings used to put down an idea for subsequent refinement  and finally technical drawings are drawn as plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou8

Drawing Media University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou9 DRY DRAWING MEDIA LIQUID DRAWING MEDIA

 The media used in a drawing are distinguished into two broad categories: dry drawing media and liquid drawing media.  Dry drawing media include black and white or colored pencils, charcoal, pastels, cont é crayons.  Liquid drawing media refer to pen and ink media such as pens, brushes, ink, markers, etc.  Each medium leaves its own distinctive mark which combined with the support surface and the particular technique used produces the final effect in the drawing. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou10

Techniques for Creating Tones University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou11 CROSS HATCHING BROKEN HATCHING STIPPLING CONTOUR HATCHING

University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou12 Albrecht Dürer Veronica, engraving, Example of hatching (e.g., background) and cross-hatching in many darker areas (visible if viewed at full size) This is a faithful photographic reproduction of an original two-dimensional work of art. The work of art itself is in the public domain.

 Tones can be achieved by drawing lines in parallel or lines in a crosshatch. These techniques are known a hatching and crosshatching respectively.  Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, is used to form lighter tones, and by controlling the density of the breaks a graduation of tone can be achieved.  Stippling is another technique which uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade.  Finally, for best results the lines in a sketch are typically drawn to follow the contour curves of the surface, thus producing a depth effect. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou13

Exercise 1  What is a drawing?  What is a cartoon and which is its function?  What is the hatching? How many different types have we got and which is its function? University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou14

Exercise2 Draw the proper correspondences: To drawa full-sized drawing Cartoonparallel lines used to build up values Working drawingparallel lines used to build up values HatchingPreparatory drawing University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou15

Exercise 3 Choose the correct answer:  1) A ____ can function as a sketch, a study, a complete work of art. A. paintingB. drawingC. sculptureD. architecture  2) In working drawings an artist can work out problems of overall ____ or concentrate on small details. A. drawingB. paintingC. designD. architecture University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou16

 3) A ____ is a full-sized drawing made as a guide for a large work in another medium  A. full-scale drawingB. working drawingC. cartoonD. working sketch  4) ____ is a technique for building values with parallel lines.  A. hatchingB. cross-hatchingC. contour hatchingD. outlining University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou17

Exercise 4 A. Complete the following classification table: VerbNounAdjective draw mark vision note study chalk University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou18

design prepare narration satire value sculptural University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou19

 B. After you have completed the classification table, use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks in the following statements. 1.This is a complex work. You need to make a ____ drawing first. 2.The illusion of depth in the Western world was achieved through ____ gradation. 3.Mass plays an important role in three-dimensional forms of art such as ___ and architecture. 4.Cartoons are often characterised by ___ content. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou20

5.His stories are marked by a strong ____ force. 6.In the preparatory drawings you can work out problems of the overall ____. 7.You can freely draw on the paper using a felt- tipped ___. 8.Plastic arts are also called ___ arts. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou21

Dry Drawing Media University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou22

Drawing Pencils  Drawing pencils come in two types: graphite-made and colored pencils.  Graphite-made pencils range from hard to soft providing a wide range of dark to light tones and distinct types of lines.  Different shading effects can also be provided by applying different degrees of pressure on the pencil as well as using different types of paper. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou23

Charcoal  Charcoal is a flexible medium suitable both for beginners and advanced artists.  It provides wide coverage while producing a wide range of different tones.  As charcoal particles never really bind onto the drawing surface, it is easy to carry out changes and corrections.  A fixative is required once the drawing is complete to prevent it from smudging. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou24

Conté-crayons  Conté - crayons are semi- hard chalks with oil in the binder to help the pigment bind to smooth paper.  Conté-crayons can be used to produce distinct types of lines and strokes which are resistant to smudging.  Blending of colors is not easy to achieve, thus it is difficult to obtain bright color mixtures. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou25

Pastels  Pastels are similar to natural chalks that have been used by pre-historic people. They consist mostly of pigment.  Pastels do not allow for much detail.  Blending of colors is easily achieved using one’s fingers or a stencil.  Pastels work well when not overworked. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou26

Liquid Drawing Media  Pen and ink are the traditional liquid drawing media.  Black and colored inks are the most common liquid media.  Washes of ink can also be used giving the drawing a watercolor quality.  Felt-tipped and fiber-tipped pens are recent additions to the traditional pen and ink media. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou27

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions: 1)Name some dry drawing media. 2)What determines the light and darkness qualities in a work and how are tones achieved? 3)Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of charcoal as a dry drawing medium. 4)What is a conté crayon? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 5)Present the advantages and disadvantages of pastels. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou28

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps:  Conté, also known as Conté sticks or Conté crayons, are a drawing medium composed of compressed powdered g_____ or c_____ mixed with a w_____ or c_____ base. They were invented in 1795 by Nicolas-Jacques Conté, who created the combination of clay and graphite in response to the s_____ of graphite caused by the Napoleonic Wars. Conté crayons had the advantage of being cost-effective to produce, and easy to manufacture in controlled grades of h_____. They are now manufactured using natural p______, clay, and a binder. Color Conté mixes better on p_____ than many hard pastel products. They are frequently used on r_____ paper that holds pigment grains well. They can also be used on prepared primed canvases for u_____ for a painting. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou29

Exercise 3 Draw the proper correspondences:  1. Pencilsa. are similar to natural chalks  2. Charcoalb. portraitist  3. Conte crayonc. is a semi-hard chalk  4. Pastelsd. are made of graphite  5. Carrierae. is easy to smudge University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou30

Exercise 4 Is it true or false?  Drawing pencils are made of charcoal.  Drawing pencils include solely colored pencils.  A wide range of values can be achieved by using pencils of different hardness.  It is difficult to produce dark values with charcoal.  You need to fix a charcoal drawing once you’ve finished it.  It is easy to obtain bright color mixtures with cont é crayons.  Pastels force the user to work boldly.  You should avoid overworking a pastel. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou31

Exercise 5 Draw the proper correspondences: Smoothrough readilycontain includeeven rangeeasily coarseto change or be changed easily smudgeinclude blurto make unclear by touching or rubbing adhereattach flexibleto become difficult to see University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou32

University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou33

Painting  Paintings closely resemble drawings. Like drawing, painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous.  Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or be political in nature. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou34

Painting University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou35 Chen HongshouChen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (Ming Dynasty)Ming Dynasty Cave painting of aurochs, Lascaux, France,prehistoric artLascauxFranceprehistoric art

 Painting in its actual sense is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or another medium to a surface (support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects can be used.  In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action.  Paintings may have for their support surfaces such as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, copper or concrete, and may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou36

 Paints consist of three main components: pigment, binder and vehicle. The pigment is used to provide color; the binder is used to help the pigment bind to the support surface and the vehicle helps to spread the pigment and the binder. Linseed oil, for instance, is the binder for oil paints and turpentine is the vehicle.  Traditionally, pigments were natural coloring agents derived from plants and mineral deposits. However, major advances in the chemical industry in the 19nth and 20 th centuries made it possible to produce synthetic pigments. Synthetic pigments come in a much wider range of colors and are more durable. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou37

 Paints are usually applied to a flat support, usually canvas for oil painting or paper for watercolor. However, as the support surface is usually too absorbent to permit an even application of paint, we need to apply a sealer or size first. A sealer is a type of glue which fills in the pores of the painting surface thus lessening its absorbency. Moreover, a sealer is necessary in oil painting to protect the canvas from the disintegrating action of the linseed oil. After sizing has been completed, we apply an opaque color, usually white, called a primer or a ground. Sizing and priming are unnecessary for watercolors as the paper provides both the support and the ground (the prepared surface for painting). University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou38

 Among the most common painting media, we have watercolor, tempera, oils, synthetic or acrylic media. Each type of paint has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou39

Exercise 1 1.Name some differences between drawings and paintings. 2.What does the paint consist of? 3.Describe the evolution of paint. 4.What is the difference between support and ground? 5.Name some paint media. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou40

Exercise 2 Find the word that does not match in each column:  Drawingpigmentsealerpouring  Sketchbindersizeacrylics  Cartoonvehiclepigmentdripping  Reliefsizeprimespraying University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou41

Exercise 3 Match the following nouns with their definitions: PigmentIt is a process which lessens the absorbency of the support material BinderIt is the substance which provides color VehicleIt is a support for oil paintings MediumIt is the material which allows pigment to adhere to the support Canvasit spreads the pigment SizingIt refers to the combination of binder and vehicle University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou42

Exercise 4 Fill in the gaps with the following terms: binder, disintegration, paintings, priming, vehicle, pigment, sizing, formal, common. Paintings and drawings have many things in ____. Some people regard ____ as drawings with paint. Paintings though tend to be larger, more ___ and colorful. Paints consist of ___, binder and pigment. ___ provides the color, the ___ adheres the pigment to the surface and the ___ allows both to spread on the surface. Before we start painting we should prepare the surface with ___, ___ or both. Sizing is necessary for oil-paintings to protect the canvas from ____. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou43

University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou44

Watercolor  Watercolor is a term which refers both to the painting medium and to the resulting painting.  Watercolor paints consist of pigments suspended in a solution of water and gum arabic. Arabic gum acts as a binder that holds the pigment in suspension and fixes it to the painting surface.  Additives like glycerin, honey, preservatives are also used to alter the viscosity, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and finally a solvent is added to thin or dilute the paint for application.honey University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou45

 The preferred support for watercolors has traditionally been paper; other supports include papyrus, plastics, leather, fabric, wood, and canvas.  Watercolor paint is traditionally and still commonly applied with brushes, but modern painters have experimented with many other implements, particularly sprayers, scrapers, sponges or sticks. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou46

Mode of Paint Application  Watercolor paints are applied in thin, translucent washes which allow light to pass through and be reflected from lower layers of paint. This translucent quality makes watercolor an ideal medium for the depiction of atmosphere, air and water.  Watercolor dries easily; therefore it forces the painter to work quickly making it an ideal medium for catching quick impressions outdoors.  Opaque watercolor can be added for detail. It can be made by adding Chinese white. The use of opaque watercolor was wide by ancient Persian painters. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou47

Watercolors Thomas GirtinThomas Girtin, Jedburgh Abbey from the River, 1798–99, watercolor on paperJedburgh Abbey Winslow HomerWinslow Homer, The Blue Boat, 1892 University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou48

Advantages and Disadvantages  Despite the simple materials involved watercolor has the reputation of being a demanding technique. This derives from the behavior of water as a vehicle. More specifically, the water can change both the absorbency and shape of the paper when it is wet and the outlines and appearance of the paint as it dries. Thus, the painter has to learn to anticipate and leverage the behavior of water to achieve the desired effect. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou49

 Another difficulty in watercolor painting stems from its low hiding power. Thus previous efforts can not be simply painted over.  Moreover, the paper support is both absorbent and delicate, so the paints can not be simply scraped off, like oil paint from a canvas, but must be laboriously (and often only partially) lifted by rewetting and blotting. Watercolor has a longstanding association with drawing or engraving, and the common procedure to curtail such mistakes is to make a precise, faint outline drawing in pencil of the subject to be painted, to use small brushes, and to paint limited areas of the painting only after all adjacent paint areas have completely dried. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou50

 Another characteristic of watercolor paints is that the binder constitutes a small proportion of the entire raw paint volume.  Moreover, it can be easily absorbed by the wet paper. As a result, it fails to provide a protective layer of vehicle around the pigment particles, leaving them scattered like tiny grains of sand on the paper. This increases the scattering of light from both the pigment and paper surfaces, causing characteristic whitening or lightening of the paint color as it dries. Moreover, pigments are left unprotected to ultraviolet light, which can affect their permanency. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou51

Exercise 1 Answer to the following questions: 1.Describe the watercolor technique. 2.Which are the advantages and disadvantages of watercolor? 3.How is watercolor applied to the painting surface and which is the preferred support for watercolor painting? University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou52

Exercise 2 Find the corresponding terms for the following definitions:  _____ : It is the medium or the resulting artwork which is created by applying pigments suspended in a solution of water and gum arabic (a resin from the acacia tree) to white paper.mediumartwork  _____ : It is the binder in watercolour technique.  _____ : It is the most common support for watercolour painting. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou53

 _____ : This is how watercolour painting with inks is referred in Asia.  _____ : It is used to refer to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that can be applied with a brush, pen or sprayer.brushpen  _____ : It is the substance used to thin or dilute the paint for application.  _____ : It refers to outdoor painting. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou54

Exercise 3 Decide True or False  Watercolor refers only to the medium used.  Water is the binder in watercolours.  Canvas is the main support used in watercolours.  Watercolor is mainly a transparent painting technique.  The art of watercolour painting lies to a great extent in the artist’s ability to control the application of washes. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou55

 Mistakes in watercolor are not easy to correct.  Watercolors are sensitive and may fade when exposed to ultraviolet light.  Watercolor paints can not be combined with different painting media.  Watercolor portability makes it ideal for outdoor painting.  In watercolor technique the paint is applied in thin, opaque layers.  University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou56

Exercise 4 Put the sentences in order to make a meaningful paragraph. 1.Paint is applied in thin translucent washes which allow the light to be reflected from the lower layers of paint. 2.Watercolor is a term which refers both to the paint itself and to the technique. 3.Watercolors are ideal for the depiction of water, air and light. 4.Watercolor as a technique refers basically to a staining technique. 5.Watercolor as a paint consists of pigments suspended in a solution of water and gum arabic. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou57

Exercise 5 Give definitions for the following terms.  Watercolour is……………………  Opaque watercolor is …………….  Highlights are …………………….  Ink washes are……………………. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou58

University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou59

Tempera  Tempera also known as egg tempera consists of pigments suspended in a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size).bindersize  It is traditionally created by hand-grinding dry powdered pigments into a binding agent or medium, such as egg, glue, honey, water, milk (in the form of casein) and a variety of plant gums. Tempera paste is then placed onto a palette, dish or bowl and is mixed with water till it reaches the desired balance between a "greasy" and a "watery" consistency. pigmentsbinding agentcasein  Once prepared, the paint cannot be stored. Egg tempera is water-thinned, water resistant, but not water proof. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou60

Tempera CrivelliCrivelli, Tempera on wood,transferred to canvas, 1470transferred to canvas RaphaelRaphael, Tempera and gold on wood, 1503–1505 University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou61

Mode of Paint Application  Tempera is applied in thin, transparent layers. Its translucency requires pale underpainting and makes it good for achieving transparencies. Its quick drying times allow little time for blending and changes; thus a preparatory drawing is required.  When it is used in the traditional way, in other words applied with numerous, small brushstrokes in a cross-hatched way, great precision can be achieved.  As it can never be applied in thick layers as oil paints can, colors never reach the degree of saturation that oil colors do. In this respect the colors of an unvarnished tempera painting resemble a pastel, although the color deepens if a varnish is applied. On the other hand, tempera colors do not darken with age and examples from the 1st centuries AD still exist.pastelvarnish University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou62

Paint Characteristics  Tempera produces a luminous, smooth, slightly matte surface when it dries.  Its clear, brilliant quality results from painting on very white gesso. Gesso is a preparation of chalk and glue. It is used to size and prime the support surface for painting.  As tempera lacks flexibility, painters preferred to paint on rigid surfaces such as wood panels to avoid the cracking and peeling of gesso and pigment. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou63

Exercise 1 Answer to the following questions: 1.Which are the characteristics of tempera? 2.Why do we need a complete preparatory painting with tempera? 3.Which is the preferred support for tempera and why? 4.What is tempera well suited for? University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou64

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words: medium, egg, poster paint, pigment, primary, binder, oil painting, size, drying.  Tempera, also known as ____ tempera, is a permanent fast ____ painting medium consisting of colored _____ mixed with a water- soluble ____ medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this ____. Tempera paintings are very long lasting, and examples from the 1st centuries AD still exist. Egg tempera was a ____ method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of _____. A paint which is commonly called tempera (although it is not) consisting of pigment and glue ____ is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as ____. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou65

Exercise 3 Draw the proper correspondences. Medium It is used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing closely spaced parallel lines placed at an angle to one another.drawing Poster paintThey are dry crayons made from powdered pigment weakly bound in a solution of gum tragacanth or methyl cellulose. University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou66

Saturation A natural binding material of vegetable oil which is water soluble. pastel A number of ingredients involved in the preparation of paints such as preservatives, plasticizers, driers, surfactants, etc. varnishIt refers to the purity of a hue or color University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou67

gum A paint consisting of pigment and glue size additive It refers to the binder, or mixture of binder and vehicle, added to paint to facilitate its application. Cross-hatchingIt is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou68

Exercise 1 Refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words:  modern(line 1)  occasionally(line 4)  exclude(line 5)  dark(line 8)  shiny(line 8)  obscure(line 8)  inaccurate(line 12) University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou69

 lighten(line 13)  rigidity(line 18)  unworldly(line 24) University of Ioannina Dr Eugenia Eumeridou70