Classification A system of separating life by similar traits

How closely related are the panda bear and the grizzly bear??   To show relationships between different species   Organization!!!   Allow new organisms to be easily classified

Aristotle’s system Based on size of stem PLANTS: Based on where they lived ANIMALS:

Problems with all OLD Classification Systems….

Problems? 1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s two groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi

Problems? 2. Common names - confusing Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish A sea horse isn’t a horse!

Problems? 2. Common names – several for same species Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar

Problems? 2. Common names - languages Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Carolus Linneaus- - ( ) – –“Father” of our current classification system. – –Solved problem of common names

Linneaus’s System of Classification – –There are 7 taxonomic levels – –Kingdom – largest most diverse   Phylum   Class   Order   Family   Genus – group of closely related species   Species – group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring K: King P: Phillip C: Came O: Over F: From G: Great S: Spain

Classification of Humans   Kingdom: Animalia   Phylum: Chordata   Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata   Class: Mammalia   Order: Primate   Family: Homonidae   Genus: Homo   Species: Homo sapiens

Classification of HUMANS Chordates, sea stars, earthworms, jellyfish, insects Mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and amphibians

Primates, elephants, dogs, bats, seals, horses

Hominidae, monkeys, apes Primates, elephants, dogs, bats, seals, horses Mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and amphibians

Genus Homo and extinct genus Australopithecus Primates, elephants, dogs, bats, seals, horses Hominidae, monkeys, apes

Homo sapiens along with extinct Homo habilis and Homo erectus Hominidae, monkeys, apes Genus Homo and extinct genus Australopithecus

Modern humans Homo sapiens along with extinct Homo habilis and Homo erectus Genus Homo and extinct genus Australopithecus

Scientific Name BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name naming system) 1 st name = _______________ 2 nd name = _________________ –Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. GENUS (CAPITALIZED) Species identifier UNDERLINED ITALICS

Binomial nomenclature Common Name: Humans Homo sapiens

  Which is more closely related??   Musca rubra   Musca alba   Quercas rubra

Species Identifier Same species identifier ≠ same organism Same species identifier ≠ same organism i.e., American Black Bear = Ursus americanus i.e., American Black Bear = Ursus americanus American toad = Bufo americanus American toad = Bufo americanus

Common Name Genus Species PRACTICE!!!!!! Which 2 are more closely related out of these???

Animal Examples

Acinonyx jubatus

KINGDOMS: The 5 Kingdom System is based 3 Main differences: 1. Nucleus or NO Nucleus   Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Organization 2. Organization  Single celled - organism made of 1 unspecialized cell only  Multi celled – organism made of 2 or more specialized cells 3. Type of nutrition   Autotrophic (Producer)- Makes own food   Heterotrophic (Consumer) – Must get its food

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic – Has nucleus, has many membrane bound organelles, DNA in chromosomes Prokaryotic – NO nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, DNA circular

Kingdom Monera   Prokaryotic – –(No true nucleus or organelles)   Unicellular   Heterotrophic (usually) – –Decomposer- recycles materials   Three basic shapes of bacteria – –Rods – –Spheres – –Spirals EX: BACTERIA

Kingdom Protista   Eukaryotic   Unicellular   Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

Animal-like Protists   PROTOZOA   Heterotrophic   Classified by how they move – –Cilia - __________________ – –Flagellum - ________________ – –Pseudopods - ________________ – –DRAW….

Plant-like Protists:   ALGAE   AUTOTROPHIC – –Contain chloroplasts (photosynthesis)

Plant and Animal like Protists EXAMPLE : The Euglena:   Contains chloroplasts, which are involved in PHOTOSYNTHESIS   Contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION   In a light environment  AUTOTROPHIC   In a dark environment  HETEROTROPHIC

KINGDOM FUNGI   Ex: yeasts, molds, and mushrooms   Eukaryotic   Multicellular   Heterotrophic – –decomposer- RECYCLES materials

Kingdom Plantae   Examples: mosses, ferns, grasses, trees   Eukaryotic   Multicellular   Autotrophic – –chloroplasts and cell walls   PHOTOSYNTHESIS- make their own food

Mosses Ferns Flowering Plants Trees

Kingdom Animalia   Eukaryotic   Multi-cellular   HETEROTROPHS – –ingest their food

Sponges Insects FishMammals

NOT in aNY KINGDOM: Viruses   contain genetic material (DNA)   only carry on the life function of reproduction   They must have a host to be able to reproduce   This causes disease in the host (Ex: colds, rabies, AIDS, flu)

Papillomavirus is a DNA virus that causes warts Bacteriophages invade the host cell, take over the cell, and begin replicating viruses, eventually lysing or bursting the host cell, releasing the new viruses to infect additional cells POLIO VIRUS

Definitions:  Eukaryotic –  Prokaryotic –  Single Celled –  Multi Celled –  Autotrophic –  Heterotrophic –

KingdomEuk/ProSingle/MultiNutrition Monera Protista Fungi Plant Animal

KINGDOMS: The 5 Kingdom System is based 3 Main differences: 1. 1.Nucleus or NO Nucleus   Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

Organization 2. Organization Single celled - organism made of 1 unspecialized cell only Multi celled – organism made of 2 or more specialized cells

3. Type of nutrition Autotrophic (Producer)- Makes it’s own food for inorganic raw materials Heterotrophic (Consumer) Must obtain food from the environment

KINGDOM KEY 1a. 1b 2a. 2b. 3a. 3b. 4a. 4b.