Age of Imperialism Chapter 26 Section 3 Chapter 27 Sections 1, 2, 3, & 4 Chapter 28 Sections 1, 2, & 3 Essential Questions: What motivated imperialist nations to expand into other regions of the world? What were the different characteristics of imperialism in different parts of the world? What was the legacy of imperialism upon who fell under the control of the imperial powers? What technological innovations made possible the “New Imperialism” of the late 19 th century? How did Queen Victoria influence British imperialism abroad and the role o the monarch? How did she serve as a role model for the upper classes of the Victorian Age?

The “New” Imperialism At the end of the 18 th century, imperialism appeared to be on the decline. Britain had lost America; Spain and Portugal had lost most of Latin America. A new wave of Imperialism emerged by 1880 whereby almost every corner of the Earth would come to be claimed by European powers.

Motives Desire of new countries to establish their own colonial empires The concern of European countries to maintain a “balance of power” Philosophy of the “White Man’s Burden” asserts the need to expand Western culture to Africa and Asia. Social Darwinism asserts the superiority of Western culture The desire to spread Christianity The demand for natural resource for factories and markets to sell manufactured goods.

Causes of the “New Imperialism” New technologies enable Europeans to expand into the interior of Africa, across the Pacific, and into the established societies of Asia for the first time. Steamboat – (upstream navigation) Telegram – (communication) Railroads – (shipping of goods and raw materials) Medicine – (quinine and antiseptics) Rifles – (for control of population)

Effects of the New Imperialism In India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, European countries established formal rule, brought European technology, medicine and civilization, but taking their resources and using many local people for forced labor. In both China and Latin America, European powers exercised more limited control and forced local groups to grant them special trading privileges and other economic benefits.

Africa Negative Erosion of traditional African values and destruction of many existing social relationships Africans treated as inferior to Europeans and forced to work long hours for low pay under horrible conditions Europeans divided Africa ignoring tribal conflicts continue to this day Positive European medicine and improved nutrition increase life-span of Africans; population growth Europeans introduced telegraphs, railroads, and telephones Some African receive improved education and greater economic opportunities

Other Countries Positive - Negative India Cultural differences led to Sepoy Mutiny – 1857 Now has one of the largest populations of English speakers China Opium Wars – 1830’s Boxer Rebellion – 1899 U.S. Open Door Policy – 1889 Cuba After the Spanish-American War, became independent in name but fell under American influence Philippines Liberation movements led to U.S. intervention against Spain, occupation, and then protectorate status – 1898 Insurgency put down

Impact of British Rule in India Government – the British provided a single system of law and government, unifying India. They provided jobs, increased educational opportunities, and introduced English as a unifying language. Health – the British built hospitals, introduced new medicines, and provided famine relief. At the same time, health care improvements led to a population explosion without a similar increase in economic opportunities. Economic – the British built roads, bridges, and railroads and set up telegraph wires. However, India’s cottage industries, in which products were made by people in their homes, were hurt by competition with British manufactured goods. Social – Indians were looked down upon by the British and their culture was treated as inferior to European culture. Indian workers provided the British with inexpensive labor – working for long hours, often under terrible conditions

Queen Victoria Queen for 64 years – one of the longest in history. British Empire reached its height of wealth and power during her reign. Popular with her subjects, though during her reign, Parliament assumed nearly complete power over government. Strong emphasis on morality and family values that established an example for her people as well as for government officials. “The Grandmother of Europe” – many of her descendents would become rulers of other European nations.

Imperialism

Management Methods Indirect Control Local government officials were used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules Examples : – British Colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma – U.S Colonies on Pacific Islands Direct Control Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation Government institutions are based only on European styles Examples: – French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam – German colonies such as Tanganyika – Portuguese colonies such as Angola

Canal Building EventPhysical Geographic PatternsHuman Geographic Factors Suez Canal - Impact on World Trade Patterns 1869 It connected the Read Sea with the Mediterranean Sea Cut Sinai from Egypt Believed it could modernize Egypt with irrigation projects and communication networks. Quicker access for the British to their colonies in Asia in Africa Allowed for improved access to Middle Eastern Oil Supplies by Europe and Americas Erie Canal – Impact on US Trade Patterns 1825 It connected the Great Lakes with the Port of New York City Facilitated the settlement of the Western US by Immigrants Quicker access to farmers to Eastern and overseas markets Panama Canal – Impact on World Trade Patterns 1914 Connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean Divided Panamanian Isthmus Created a New Nation of Panama Improved and sped-up bi-coastal trade of US Countries have quicker access to Asian markets and Pacific Islands