Key Issue 3 3 concepts: scale, space, and connections—explain similarities between regions are not coincidence. Scale: the relationship between the portion of the earth being studied and the earth itself

Globalization—force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope A set of processes that are: -increasing interactions -deepening relationships -heightening interdependence without regard to country borders. A set of outcomes that are: -unevenly distributed -varying across scales -differently manifested throughout the world.

Globalization of the economy Housing bubble: –Poor people buying –Rich people buying –Government encouraging risky loans

Globalization of Culture “placelessness” Uniform landscape

Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962 the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

Hover over any word in the story, which you think links the young person to a global connection somewhere in the world each morning. How many global connections can you find? As I wake up, I throw back the sheet and blankets, get out of bed and put on my slippers. I then go to the bathroom where I wash with soap and water. Returning to my bedroom, I take off my pajamas and put on my clothes and shoes for school. I look out the window to check the likely weather – cold and rainy – and decide that I had better wear a jacket to keep me warm. Downstairs in the kitchen, I eat a bowl of cereal and drink a cup of coffee while watching CNN. Realizing I am running late, I rush upstairs to clean my teeth. Downstairs again, I pull on my jacket and hat, pick up my books and head out the door to the bus stop.

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Networks A set of interconnected nodes –financial –Transportation –Communication –Kinship –Corporate –nongovernmental, –Trade –Government –Education –media

Actual shipping lanes logged by GPS of 16,639 cargo ships!

Shanghai shipping traffic

Dell Commodity Chain

Globalization of the Economy (transnational corporation) Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.

Globalization of Culture

Advantages and Disadvantages

THE ARRANGEMENT OF A FEATURE IN SPACE!!!

the frequency a feature occurs arithmetic density—measures the number of a feature per specific amount of space Number of people per square mile high density does not equal high population

MORE DENSITY PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY—the number of persons per unit of arable land AGRICULTURAL DENSITY—the number of farmers per unit of arable land

EXTENT OF A FEATURE’S SPREAD OVER SPACE CLOSE VS. FAR APART/CLUSTERED VS. DISPERSED HELPS TO SHOW CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION AMERICANS ARE INCREASINGLY DISPERSED WHEN MOVING WESTWARD FROM THE COAST NOT THE SAME AS DENSITY

GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT IN SPACE LINEAR, RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR, ETC.

AB CD ABCD ABCD

Density, Concentration, and Pattern Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each vary in an area or landscape.

Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000 Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.

MOVEMENT HOW DO YOU GET YOUR INFORMATION? HOW DO YOU MOVE AROUND? HOW DO PEOPLE, IDEAS, GOODS OR THINGS MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE?

Connectedness Diffusion: the process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth (origin) to other areas.

Types of Diffusion Expansion Diffusion – idea or innovation spreads outward from the hearth Contagious – widespread to most people Hierarchical – spread of idea from nodes of authority or power to other people or places Stimulus – spread of underlying principal but with some adaptations Relocation Diffusion – movement of individuals who carry an idea with them

BARRIERS TO DIFFUSION What slows/prevents diffusion? TIME and DISTANCE DECAY – farther from the source & the more time it takes, the less likely innovation adopted CULTURAL BARRIERS – some practices, ideas, innovations are not acceptable/adoptable in a particular culture – e.g. pork, alcohol, contraceptives… PHYSICAL BARRIERS – physical barriers on the surface may prohibit/inhibit adoption –transportation/communication barriers

Distance Decay Graph Learn to think about distance decay in a “spatial” context Think of distance decay in terms of an ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis

Examples of Hierarchical Diffusion AIDS is typically viewed as hierarchical because if its historically distinctive URBAN to URBAN diffusion pattern Political ideas Fashion is also viewed as hierarchical. Why?

AIDS Diffusion in the U.S., 1981–2001 Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

Expansion Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion – the spread of an underlying principle even though the characteristic itself does not spread. »OR Stimulus Diffusion - involves the transfer of an underlying concept or idea, without the specific accompanying traits due to some cultural or other barrier to the movement of the idea

Stimulus Diffusion Because Hindus believe cows are holy, cows often roam the streets in villages and towns. The McDonalds restaurants in India feature veggie burgers.

Other Types of Diffusion Relocation diffusion – movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovation with them to a new, perhaps distant locale. Can include languages, religions, and ethnicities. Photo credit: A.B. MurphyPhoto credit: H.J. de Blij Kenya Paris, France

Migrant Diffusion (a form of Relocation Diffusion) Migrant Diffusion is when an innovation originates and enjoys strong, but brief, adoption there. The innovation may travel long distances (& be thriving), but could be faded out back at the point of origination – e.g. influenza in China will reach the U.S., but the epidemic could be over in China by the time it takes hold in the U.S.