12016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation The Six Fundamental Elements for Spatially Enabled Societies From a Fit-For-Purpose Perspective Dr. Daniel Steudler

22016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation AGENDA  Six basic elements for a Spatially Enabled Society  Principles of fit-for-purpose approach  SES elements in light of fit-for-purpose approach

32016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation FIG Task Force on «SES»  FIG-Task Force mandated in 2009  to explore the issue of Spatially Enabled Societies (SES);  to identify the role of the profession, how it can provide for a spatially enabled society;  to make recommendations  May 2012: launch of publication at FIG-Working Week 2012 in Rome and at GSDI-13 in Québec

42016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Publication «Spatially Enabled Society» Steudler and Rajabifard, editors, 72 pages, FIG Publication no. 58

52016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation 1950 (2.5 billion) 1970 (3.7 billion) 1990 (5.3 billion) 2010 (6.9 billion) 2030 (8.3 billion) 2050 (9.2 billion) World urban/rural population (esa.un.org) 70% urban 30% rural 60% urban 40% rural 51% urban 49% rural 43% urban 57% rural 29% 36% 64% 71% Trends – Social  huge urbanization process  environmental sustainability  disaster management  land management issues

62016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Land Administration and Management Paradigm TasksLand related activities Tools / Methods Strategy  visions and objectives Land policy  political activities Management  measures and projects for the implementation of the policy Land management  land-use planning  land consolidation  land reallocation  melioration  landscape develop- ment  land recycling Administration / Documentation  handling of spatial information, data analysis, data visualization  cadastral operations, data modelling, data acquisition, data maintenance, data distribution Land administration and cadastre  monitoring  navigation  geoinformation  land registration  cartography  surveying  geodesy

72016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation A spatially enabled society – including its government – is one that makes use and benefits from a wide array of spatial data, information, and services as a mean to organize its land related activities. Spatial enablement is a concept that adds location to existing information and thereby unlocks the wealth of existing knowledge about the land, its legal and economical situation, its resources, potential use and hazards. Information on landownership is thereby a basic and crucial component to allow for correct decision-making. Such data and information must be available in a free, efficient, and comprehensive way in order to support the sustainable development of society. It therefore needs to be organized in such a way that it can easily be shared, integrated, and analysed to provide the basis for value-added services. Definition of a Spatially Enabled Society

82016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Six key elements for a SES 1.Legal framework for basic geoinformation; 2.Common Data integration concept:  legal and institutional independence of information (to allow for independent responsibilities);  common geodetic reference framework;  standardized data modelling concept; 3.Positioning infrastructure for the common reference framework; 4.Network infrastructure to enable integration and sharing of spatial data through the spatial data infrastructure SDI; 5.Landownership information as one of the basic information topics; 6.Data and information:  official, authentic, complete, comprehensive, updated;  accessibility of data i.e. public sector information initiatives;  volunteered geographic information (VGI), web 2.0 possibilities.

92016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation SES – Legal Framework  Jurisdictional framework  constitutional statement about geoinformation  national law on geoinformation to be harmonized  national law on documentation of land ownership  Legal interoperability  use conditions clear and determinable  no restrictions on derivative products  no restrictions on use and access of other datasets  Governance  comprehensiveness, coverage  transparency of information  inclusion of public-law restrictions (RRR) § §

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation 1. Multipurpose Cadastre (German style) 1. Multipurpose Cadastre (German style) 2. Title or deeds tenure style Cadastres (Torrens/English style) 2. Title or deeds tenure style Cadastres (Torrens/English style) 3. Taxation driven cadastre (French/Latin/ USA style) 3. Taxation driven cadastre (French/Latin/ USA style) Tenure Value Use Development Incorporating: Land policy Spatially enabled LAS Services to business and public Country context Sustainable development - Economic - Environmental - Social - Governance Cadastral engines… Land management paradigm Spatially enabled government Parcels Properties Buildings Roads Integrated functions SDI Mapping agencies and other data providers Better decision making (Williamson, Enemark, Wallace, Rajabifard, 2010) Land Management Paradigm

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Institution, stakeholder Legal topic spatial data, geoinformation textual information Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Collective land rights Corporations, tribes, clan Land-use planningPlanning dept. Water/noise protection Local government Environ. dept.Environ. protection Land valuation Government Land registry, cadastre National government State government Local government Public-law restrictions Government Four basic principles for a common data integration concept: 1) to respect the legal / institutional independence of stakeholders 2) to use a standardized data modelling concept 3) to use a common geodetic reference framework 4) no logic relations to objects in different topic except through geographic location SES – Common Data Integration Concept

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation SES – Positioning Infrastructure  in Australia, a report estimated the benefits for agriculture, construction and mining through precision machine guidance to AUD billion over the next 20 years, mainly in fuel efficiency.  underpinning the broad spatial enabling of society;  ubiquity for hundreds of million mobile phone users to locate themselves; hunger for improved performance;  ultimate accuracy requirement of both PI and SDI is likely to be better than 10cm at a very high confidence level;  establishing of a PI for surveying and geospatial sector alone can only be justified in densely populated areas; the extension into rural and remote areas can only be justified, when the business case is broadened beyond surveying and spatial data  machine guidance for agriculture, construction and mining.

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation SES – Spatial Data Infrastructure  Enabling platform  Social and technical components  Interoperability Access Network Policy Standards Data People Dynamic Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Organisational SDI Less detailed data Global Planning Regional Planning National Planning State Planning Local Planning More detailed Data

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation SES – Land Ownership Information  application of subsidiary principle: political decisions should be taken at lowest administrative and political level, and as close to the citizens as possible;  interaction between Government, business, and citizens is concerned with land tenure, land tenure security, land and mortgage market;  it is generally accepted that a land administration system is to be based on land ownership data;  examples are INSPIRE (where cadastral parcel is a core data set) and the six Dutch official and authentic registries (with one of them "parcel and land registration").

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation SES – Data and Information Location revolution, LBS, social media turn location-based Public Sector response: NSDI, INSPIRE, Open Government Data; Private Sector response: high resolution satellite imagery; crowd-sourced data; big digital powers create digital civilizations; Citizen response: dramatic shift to crowd-sourcing, also "passive" crowd sourcing through mobile devices; The Future of NMCAs: strategies to incorporate crowd-sourced data into production processes: using data from trusted sources, act as moderators of input portals; cautious about change; retreat to diminishing market for authoritative geospatial data?  Global technology companies understood the power of location

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Example1

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World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation FIG Guide on «Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration» Enemark S., Bell K.C., Lemmen C., and McLaren R. Joint FIG / World Bank Publication, FIG Publication no. 60.

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Fit-for-purpose approach Three Fundamental Characteristics  focus on the purpose  flexibility  incremental improvement Three interrelated core components  spatial framework  legal framework  institutional framework

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Key principles of core components Spatial Framework  visible boundaries rather than fixed boundaries  aerial imageries rather than field survey  accuracy relates to the purpose rather than technical standards  opportunities for updating, upgrading and improvements Legal Framework  flexible framework designed along administrative rather than judicial lines  continuum of tenure rather than just individual ownership  flexible recordation rather than only one register  ensuring gender equity for land and property rights Institutional Framework  good land governance rather than bureau- cratic barriers  holistic institutional framework rather than sectorial silos  flexible IT approach rather than high-end technical solutions  transparent land information with easy and affordable access for all

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Elements of a fit-for-purpose approach  Flexible in the spatial data capture approaches to provide for varying use and occupation.  Inclusive in scope to cover all tenure and all land.  Participatory in approach to data capture and use to ensure community support.  Affordable for the government to establish and operate, and for society to use.  Reliable in terms of information that is authoritative and up-to-date.  Attainable to establish the system within a short timeframe and within available resources.  Upgradeable with regard to incremental improvement over time in response to social and legal needs and emerging economic opportunities.

World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Swiss Land Management Foundation Conclusions  the concept of SES applies not only for developed countries  it is not about "developed vs. less developed";  integration and sharing of geodata is also possible in a less developed context; it is even more relevant to follow the fundamental elements of SES;  novelty of fit-for-purpose is to bring in flexibility in land administration approach;  and to remind especially the surveying profession that the purpose of LA&LM is not to provide cm and mm; it is all about good governance and appropriate and efficient services to society;  the six fundamental elements of SES go hand in hand with the fit-for- purpose key principles.