Yes, discussions this week; Exams back Friday. CB 36.2 Water and minerals move up from the ground in xylem, Sugars move down, up and/or laterally via.

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Presentation transcript:

Yes, discussions this week; Exams back Friday

CB 36.2 Water and minerals move up from the ground in xylem, Sugars move down, up and/or laterally via phloem.

CB What moves the water through the xylem? Transpiration, Adhesion, Cohesion, and Tension

Stomata on the underside of a leaf

CB 35.9 Water conducting cells of Xylem: vessels and tracheids (types of sclerenchyma) 100  m

CB and.13 In roots the vascular bundle is in the center

CB Radially arranged vascular bundle in a stem Xylem on inside Phloem on outside

water transport limits plant growth

xylem phloem More xylem is needed for more water transport: secondary growth

CB Primary vs. secondary growth

CB Primary growth in a stem

CB Secondary growth: a vascular meristem (cambium) forms between the xylem and phloem

CB Secondary growth: new xylem to the inside, new phloem to the outside

Secondary xylem (wood) and phloem

CB Some additional cells help form the bark and fill in the increasing circumference

xylem phloem Xylem is tough, and full of lignin- inhibits the ability to use plants to produce biofuels

U.S. Energy use in Science 9 February 2007:Vol no. 5813, pp Units are in quads; 1 quad = 1015 British thermal units = exajoules

~28% of U.S. energy is used in transportation U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition

In 2005, there were almost 239 million vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) in the United States. U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition

Automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, and buses drove nearly 3.0 trillion miles in That’s almost 1/12 th the distance to the nearest (non-sun) star. It’s like driving to the sun and back 13,440 times. Transportation fuel use ation.htmlhttp:// ation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition

U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition Vehicle Energy Use

World Primary Energy Supply

Research money spent on alternative energy Science 9 February 2007: Vol no. 5813, pp

Ethanol vs Gasoline prices

Biofuel production

CB 5.7 Cellulose, sugars as structural support

CB 5.8 The major component of plant cell walls is cellulose

Fermentation: break down sugar to ethanol

_fuel_cycle2.jpg

Lignin: a complex branched, aromatic polymer

Lignin cross-links cellulose fibers and makes secondary walls waterproof

Nature Biotechnology 20, (2002) Lignin removal is necessary for cellulose processing

Loosening lignin's grip on biofuel production Clint Chapple, Michael Ladisch & Rick Meilan Nature Biotechnology 25, (2007) Treatment efficiencies of untreated transgenic biomass are comparable to that of unmodified biomass subjected to pretreatment

xylem Research is ongoing to produce woody and non-woody plants with decreased lignin to improve the efficiency of biofuel production

Yes, discussions this week; Exams back Friday