Carbon & Carbohydrates Biochemistry: Carbon & Carbohydrates

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon and hydrogen Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds to become stable Can join with other carbons to form straight chains, branches, or rings. These structures may contain multiple carbon atoms. This makes many compounds possible!

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Methane = the simplest carbon compound (CH4) Hydrocarbon = any molecule made ONLY of hydrogen and carbon atoms!

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Ex: Methane Methane’s molecular formula or chemical formula is CH4. Methane’s structural formula: Bond are represented by lines

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Isomers = compounds that have the same formula but different structures Ex: Glucose & Fructose Formula = C6H12O6

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Molecular chains can range from 1- 2 carbon atoms to thousands of carbon atoms Crash Course: Carbon Chemistry

II. The Digestive System The digestive system breaks down organic compounds into their building blocks (monomers). Body cells take the monomers and put them together in the form the body can use.

II. The Digestive System Macromolecules = extremely large compounds made of smaller ones Polymer = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules (monomers) bond together, usually in long chains. Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

II. The Digestive System POLYMERS MONOMERS (building blocks) Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Protein Amino Acids Lipid 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS? Dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions = the removal of –H and –OH (water) from the individual molecules so that a bond may form between them and results in a more complex molecule This is an anabolic process.

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS? Builds organic molecules Creates bonds = stores energy Humans – protein production Plants – fruit & veggie production This is represented by an equation: Monomer + Monomer  Polymer + water

Dehydration Synthesis For example: Amino Acid + Amino Acid  Protein + Water Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide  Disaccharide + water Fatty Acid + Glycerol  Lipids + water

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS? Hydrolysis = (hydro = water, Lysis = to break) The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into smaller compounds (monomers) through the addition of –H and –OH (water.) This is a catabolic process. Breaks organic molecules apart Breaks bonds = releases energy Occurs during digestion – release energy from food

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS? Hydrolysis is represented by an equation: Polymer + Water  Monomer + Monomer

Hydrolysis of Sucrose: For example: Protein + water  amino acid + amino acid Carbohydrate + water  monosaccharide + monosaccharide Lipid + water  glycerol +3 fatty acids

WHAT DO ATHLETES EAT THE DAY BEFORE A BIG GAME? Carbohydrates; carb loading works because carbohydrates are used by the cells to store and release energy!

III. Carbohydrates Foods: pasta, bread, fruits, veggies Compound used for storage and release of energy Made of C, H, and O Reduced formula: C (H20) * H:O ratio is always 2:1

III. Carbohydrates How do you identify a carbohydrate? Look at the kinds and number of atoms Ratio is 2 hydrogen atoms: 1 oxygen atom always! Rings of C, H, O (# of rings tells type of carb)

3 Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides = C6H12O6 Simple sugar (6 carbons) Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose Glucose = veggies Fructose = fruits Galactose = milk sugar Only form our body can use for instant energy

3 Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharide = C12H22O11 Double sugar made of 2 simple sugars (Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide)

Combined by dehydration synthesis reaction Used for quick energy supply; not instant.

Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose Sucrose (table sugar): glucose + fructose  sucrose + H2O Lactose (milk sugar): glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O Maltose: glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O

3 Types of Carbohydrates Polysaccharide = More than 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis Ex: Starch (amylose) - plant’s energy storing molecule Starch

3 Types of Carbohydrates Glycogen- Animal’s energy storing molecule Energy storage form of glucose Found in the liver and skeletal muscles When the body needs energy between meals/physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose through hydrolysis

3 Types of Carbohydrates Cellulose –Provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body).

What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the body? Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS into monosaccharides which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the monosaccharides and produce energy. After the immediate energy requirements of all your body’s tissues have been met, the excess glucose in your blood will be converted into a storage form of carbohydrate called glycogen (found in your liver and muscle cells). If all of your glycogen stores are full and you still have excess glucose in your bloodstream, the remaining glucose will be converted into fat.

IV. Functional Groups Functional groups give a molecule distinctive properties Alcohol group: (-OH) allows molecule to be more soluble in water Alcohol group

IV. Functional Groups Carboxyl Group: -(COOH) allows molecule to release H+ ions in water- therefore acidic! There is a double bond between carbon and oxygen.

IV. Functional Groups Amino Group: (-NH2) allows molecule to accept ions from an acid- therefore basic!

Alcohol group Carboxyl group Amino group