The Industrial Revolution

The Beginning of the Revolution The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the 1780s It had 5 main contributing factors 1.New agricultural practices led to an increase in food supply. – People bought food at lower prices – People could buy manufactured goods

2.Population growth causing an increase in workers 3.Britain had a supply of money or capital. Entrepreneurs invested in industrial machines and created new businesses to make profit 4.Natural resources (rivers, coal Iron ore) The Beginning of the Revolution

5.Markets – Britain could trade with its colonial empire and transport goods around the world Before the Industrial revolution cloth was made in the home in a production method called cottage industry The Beginning of the Revolution

Economic Situation Business class gained capital (wealth to invest in an enterprise like a factory, mine, or other industry) Population growth required more production of goods New technology made goods more affordable

James Hargreaves Invented the a spinning machine called the spinning jenny This machine allowed thread to be produced quickly Weavers needed more thread because the “flying shuttle” made weaving faster

James Watt Improved the steam engine The engine could now drive machinery Steam engines were driven by coal – The demand for coal grew

Abraham Darby Used Coal to smelt iron – Separate iron from its ore

Henry Cort Developed a process called puddling Helped produce high quality Iron

Robert Fulton Built the first paddle wheel steamboat called the Claremont Many goods could be shipped up and down rivers at a faster pace

Edmund Cartwright Invented the water powered loom

Railroads Trains could go anywhere the track could be laid The first public railway line opened in 1830 an extended 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester

Growth of Factories New factories created a new labor system Workers worked in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady rate

The Spread of Industry The Industrial revolution spread to the United States By 1860 the US had 30,000 miles of railroad

Growth of Cities More people were eating better and more resistant to disease In 1800 London’s population was 1 million by 1850 it was 2.5 million

The Industrial Middle Class Industrial Capitalism which is an economic system based on production created a new middle class in Europe The middle class or bourgeois was made up of industrial laborers, bankers, doctors, lawyers, etc

Industrial Working Class Workers worked hour days 6 day weeks Poor condition

Child Labor Children started working at age 5 Shifts were hours with a half hour lunch break They worked 6 day weeks (only Sunday off)

Factory Dangers Children lost fingers and limbs in machines Children were cheap labor They were used to crawl under and between Machinery

Living Conditions Poor lived in foul-smelling slums They were packed into small rooms in tenements Tenements were multistory buildings with no running water and no toilets No sewers or waste disposal Garbage and “other waste” was thrown in the street

Living Conditions Cholera a bacterial disease that effects the intestines spread throughout the slums Eventually reforms would be made to lesson the epidemic

Children and Women Women and children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry workforce in the 1830s Children under 18 made up 29% of the cotton industry workforce in 1838 Before 1870 women made up 50 percent of Britain’s workforce working 12 or more hours a day New labor laws would lead to a male dominated workforce

Child Mine Workers

Coal Miners Coal was used to power machinery Mine Collapse Life expectancy – 25 years old

Problems People pushed for laws to improve working conditions Workers organized labor unions to fight for better working conditions – Shorter hours better pay

Benefits Factories brought more jobs Mass production made goods more affordable People could afford to read newspaper and see music shows Improvements in transportation allowed people to travel and find new opportunities

Robert Owen Grew up as a poor welsh boy Became a profitable factory owner Created a factory town where children did not work Children went to school He wanted to prove child labor was not necessary He believed laws should be passed to prevent child labor

The English Factory Act of is the minimum age for employment Children between 9 and 13 could only work 8 hours a day with a 1 hour lunch break Children 9-13 were required 2 hours of education every day Children between 14 and 18 could work a 12 hour day with a 1 hour lunch break Children under 18 could not work at night

Child Labor Laws in New Jersey Today Age may work part time after school hours and during school vacations, but not in factories Under age 18 may not work more than 40 hours a week Under age 18 may not work more than 8 hours in a day.

Is there still child labor today?

Laissez-faire Economics

1.What does laissez-faire mean? 2.What did Adam Smith think a free market would do? 3.What did Thomas Malthus think about the population? 4.Was Malthus correct about food supply? Page 510

Early Socialism Socialism is a economic system in which the government controls means of production such as factories and utilities It wanted to replace competition with cooperation and create a utopian society It failed to work

Karl Marx German philosopher Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto Communism is the idea of a utopian society with no classes (everyone is equal) He wanted the bourgeoisie and the proletariat (working class) to be equal Few people were rich while many were poor

For each of the people below name their invention and importance 1.James Hargreaves 2.Edmund Cartwright 3.James Watt 4.Henry Cort 5.Robert Fulton Page