Chapter Pg Objective: I can identify and classify several different types of carbohydrates based on their molecular structures.

 Functions (3)  Supplies energy (energy storage)  Structural framework of cells  Chemical messengers (flags on cell’s surface)  Atoms: C, H, O (in a ratio – 1:2:1)  Not perfect, but close ratio…  Simple sugars: monomers  Complex carbohydrates: polymers C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 C 30 H 50 O 6

 Monomer = monosaccharide  Dimer = disaccharide  Polymer = polysaccharide

 Glucose – C 6 H 12 O 6  main sugar!  Fructose – C 6 H 12 O 6 (different structure)  Galactose – C 6 H 12 O 6 (different structure)  Isomers: same formula, different structure  Glucose = most readily used carbs by cell to provide energy (energy stored in C-H bonds) Same formula but different structure, which means…

 All mnscchds. are multiple of CH 2 O  Holds 1 carbonyl group  Holds several hydroxyl groups

 Most sugars end in -ose  Aldoses = Aldehyde ▪Carbonyl at edge  Ketoses = Ketones ▪Carbonyl in middle

 Carbon chain length affects category name  Triose  Pentose  Hexose

 Glucose and Fructose are structural isomers ▪Glucose = aldose …where is carbonyl…? ▪Fructose = ketose  Glucose and Galactose are geometric isomers  Flip OH and H at 4 th C  Each have enantiomers  Several asymmetric carbons

 While can draw as a linear carbon skeleton, monosaccharides (incl. glucose) form ring structures in aqueous solutions  isomer? Abbrev. drawing Isomer …what type? Structural

 When form ring, hydroxyl group made can be above or below plane of ring  Below plane = α-Glucose  Above plane = β-Glucose Geometric Isomers (what type?) Isomers?

 Fructose is structural isomer to glucose  Galactose is geometric isomer to glucose  L-glucose and D-glucose are enantiomers  Complete mirror images (for all asym. C)  Linear glucose and ring glucose are structural isomers (ring forms in aqusoln)  α-glucose and β-glucose are geometric isomers (due to how ring forms)

 Polymerize (link up/build) =  dehydration synthesis  Break apart = hydrolysis + H 2 O Covalent Bond that forms is called glycosidic link(age)

 Form so less easily metabolized (short storage)  Sucrose (table sugar) – C 12 H 22 O 11  Glucose + Fructose  Lactose (milk sugar) – C 12 H 22 O 11  Glucose + Galactose  Maltose (malt sugar) – C 12 H 22 O 11  Glucose + Glucose Isomers?

 Typically, made of thousands of monosaccharides  Some form to store energy (for longer) – insoluble due to immense size  Some end up as structures or parts to build or protect the cell

 Starch – made only of glucose  Energy storage for plants  Forms helical chain: amylose  Glycogen – made only of glucose  Energy storage for animals  More helical branches Both can be hydrolized to provide glucose (ENERGY)

 If chain of carbons made rigid (so less easily hydrolyzed), then can form structure  Cellulose – made only of β-glucose  Major component of tough cell wall  Plants have chewy, woody parts  Starch – made only of α-glucose

This is why cellulose is undigested in humans

 Chitin – made only of glucose with nitrogen “arm”  Forms exoskeleton for many arthropods ▪Hardens with calcium carbonate  Leathery texture alone (Fungi use instead of cellulose)

 Be able to distinguish between categories (descriptions) and actual name (identity)  Starch is a type of  Storage polysaccharide  (Complex) Carbohydrate  Starch is a polysaccharide made out of  Glucose (a monosaccharide)

 Glucose is a type of  Monosaccharide  Hexose sugar (6 carbons)  Aldose sugar (carbonyl at edge)  Simple sugar  Carbohydrate  Glucose has a BUNCH of isomers…

 Carbohydrates are a type of  Macromolecule (1 of 4)  All macromolecules are polymers  made up of monomers, each with own name, depending on macromolecule