Government Engineering College, Rajkot Branch - Civil Subject – Building Construction

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Why Know Building Construction To alert you to potential construction hazards, To enable a safe and effective fire attack, By knowing basic building construction types, we can approximate how fire will spread and allow us to extinguish it quickly, “The building is your enemy… know your enemy” Francis L. Brannigan.

Classification of the Construction Sector 3 Basic Headings 3 Categories of Input Resources 50 Input Resources Construction and Civil Engineering Residential Building Civil Engineering Non-Residential Building Machinery Equipment Labor 38 5 7 Materials & Products Equipment items Labour services Machinery Equipment Labor 38 5 7 Materials & Products Equipment items Labour services Machinery Equipment Labor 38 5 7 Materials & Products Equipment items Labour services

Types of building construction There are TWO basic types of construction: “It either burns (combustible) or it does not burn (noncombustible)” All buildings in the US are constructed by one of the five construction categories; Type “1” - Fire Resistive – Least Combustible Type “2” - Non-Combustible Type “3” - Ordinary Type “4” - Heavy Timber Type “5” - Wood Frame – Most Combustible Four of the five types have subgroups “A” & “B”.

Subgroups Subgroup "B“: Subgroup “A”: Means Protected; all structural members have an additional fire rated coating or cover by means of sheetrock, spray on, or other approved method, the additional fire rated coating or cover extends the fire resistance of the structural members by at least 1 hour. Subgroup "B“: Means Unprotected; all structural members have no additional fire rated coating or cover, exposed members are only fire resistant according to their natural ability, characteristics, and fire rating.

Type 1: Fire Resistive Construction Structural members made of noncombustible / limited combustible materials. Construction intended to confine fire and its byproducts to a given location. Primary fire hazard is contents of structure.

Type 2: Noncombustible Construction Lower degree of fire resistance than type I. Fire resistance rating on all exterior and interior load bearing walls. May have combustible features, as materials with no fire resistance rating may be used. Generally have flat roofs with combustible felt, insulation and roofing tar.

Type 3: Ordinary Construction Exterior walls & structural members of noncombustible / limited combustible materials. Interior members (walls, beams, floors, roof) are made of wood. Hazards: smoke and fire spread through concealed spaces. Fire stops to limit spread.

buildings have been constructed in two distinct types; Older – late 19th and early 20th century and, Newer. “Older” buildings; tongue and grove floor boards, solid lumber joists and rafters ( can be 3” x 10”), columns could be added for additional support room size limited by span of supporting element, floor joists commonly have a “fire cut” on each end to keep floor joists from pushing the wall down, 1” to 1 ½” wooden planks commonly used in the roof assembly.

“Newer” buildings; flooring may consist of plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel strand lumber (PSL), supported by lightweight wooden trusses, and wooden I- beams, these supports are more likely to collapse sooner than larger solid lumber joists, roof construction using lightweight materials.

Residential Type building One & Two Family Residential Type building

Multiple Residence type

Commercial and Residential type

Two story commercial Type building

Hazards Related Type Construction Stability of masonry walls, Stability of interior column, girder and beam system, Void spaces, Excessive fire loads, “dead” loads (HVAC, Solar Arrays) Bow string truss roof, Alterations can have an effect on the building, The largest concealed space is the “Cockloft”, an open space for fire and smoke spread, Braced Wall Spreaders- danger – wall can be out of alignment.

Solar Arrays and HVAC Units

Braces of unprotected steel or cable will fail at fire temperatures A basic sign that a wall is in distress Braced Walls Braces of unprotected steel or cable will fail at fire temperatures

Arrows mark locations where star-shaped anchor plates were located on the west-side of the theater building that was adjacent to the fire building. The anchor plates appear to have been attached to the ends of the heavy timber roof trusses supporting the roof and also to some of the second-floor joists. NIOSH F2011-15

Photo shows star-shaped anchor plates located on the D-side wall in the area that collapsed. NIOSH F2011-15

TYPE-4-Heavy Timber Exterior / interior walls noncombustible material. Interior structural members (beams, columns, arches, floors etc.) made of solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces. Found in old factories, warehouses, churches.

TYPE-4-Heavy Timber structural frame, columns, etc. – heavy timber exterior bearing walls – 1 hour heavy timber interior bearing walls – 2 hour rated floor construction, beams and joists – heavy timber roof construction, beams and joists – heavy timber Characteristics; heavy timber construction is one of the oldest types of buildings used in this country, heavy timber buildings were originally designed and used as multi-story industrial or storage occupancies, fire resistance is attained by placing limitations of minimum sizes on wood structural members and minimum thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs,

will have four bearing exterior walls, construction includes columns not less than 8” thick in any dimension, beams and girders not less than 6” x 10”, roof framing is not less than 6” wide x 8” depth, floors and roofs have thicker than normal construction consisting of varying layers of materials that build up to a deck of 3” thick to 4” wide, arches and trusses not less than 8” thick in any dimension. usage of approved fastenings and adhesives, lumber may be sawn or laminated, usually found in very old mills, factories, and warehouse, and in older churches, exterior walls are noncombustible, interior structures made of solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces, does not have plaster walls & ceilings covering interior framework,

Heavy Timber Frame building wood has large dimensions, much heavier, more difficult to ignite, can withstand fire for longer time frames, primary fire hazard - combustible contents of structural members, does not fail early in a fire, because of massive amount of combustible materials there will be serious heat given off and may pose exposure protection problems, Heavy Timber Frame building

Heavy Timber columns, beams & girders

Masonry walls

Large open spaces, lack of hidden voids

Type V: Frame Construction Exterior and interior structural members made of wood. Fire Hazards: unlimited potential for fire extension, fire extension to nearby structures. Typical residential home

“Silent Flooring”

Poor Construction Methods

Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials – Wood May be used in load bearing and non-load bearing walls. Reaction of wood to fire conditions is based on the size of the wood and its moisture content. Water does not have a negative effect on wood’s structural strength. Plywood, particle board, paneling may be highly combustible, produce toxic gases and rapidly deteriorate under fire conditions.

Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Masonry Brick, concrete, and stonework. Commonly used for firewalls to separate connected structures and prevent fire spread. May be used as load bearing or veneer. Minimally affected by fire & high temperatures. Mortar joints between bricks, blocks may deteriorate. (mortar mix is weakest part of wall) Rapid cooling of masonry by water may cause cracking or spalling.

Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Concrete Concrete is a mixture of portland cement, sand, gravel and water. Often used as a fire resistive protection for structural steel (reinforced concrete). May crack or spall if heated, indication of damage & reduced strength. Heating may cause bond between steel and concrete to fail. Concrete tends to absorb and retain heat.

Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Steel Primary use of steel is for structural members. Steel is an excellent conductor of heat. Steel loses strength as temperature increases Steel structural members will elongate when heated. Water can cool steel structural members and reduce risk of failure or collapse.

Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Plastic Becoming integrated to replace/improve common building materials Plastics are oil-based (hydrocarbons) Two general types Thermoplastics (melt, deform, vaporize = burns!) Thermosets (decomposes, only burns with extreme temps) General Rule of Thumb when fighting fires involving plastics… Burn fast Very intense heat Dense black smoke Extremely toxic Can resemble a Class B Fire (flammable liquids)

Roof Types Three Main Types: (a) Flat (b) Pitched (c) Arched

Truss Roofs

Bowstring Truss roof!

Building Uses Ontario Fire Code and Ontario Building Code separate buildings in groups A-F, as related to their major use (or major occupancy) With each type of building comes various requirements/restrictions on building construction Private dwelling residences are exempt (with some exceptions)

Building Uses A – Assembly B – Institutional (compelled to sleep over) Theatres, libraries, schools, large bars, pubs and restaurants B – Institutional (compelled to sleep over) Jails, hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes C – Residential Apartment buildings (common area) , group homes, houses, motels D – Business and Personal Services Banks, barber shops, offices (medico legal), laundromat E – Mercantile Markets, stores, shops, supermarkets, restaurants, bars and pubs F – Industrial Flammable liquid plant, television studio, freight depot

The Different Parts Of Building, When It Is Being Constructed……..

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