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Chapter Menu Introduction Section 1: Section 1: The Land Section 2: Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Visual Summary

Chapter Intro 1 A study of the physical geography of Europe will reveal how physical features influence the lives of its people and how people have managed and used the continent’s natural resources to survive and prosper.

Chapter Intro 2 Section 1: The Land Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Physical forces shaped Europe’s landforms, water systems, and natural resources. These features have shaped the lives of people living in Europe.

Chapter Intro 3 Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Latitude, mountain barriers, ocean currents, and proximity to large bodies of water affect Europe’s climate and vegetation.

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-GTR The Land Physical forces shaped Europe’s landforms, water systems, and natural resources.

Section 1-GTR glaciation The Land polder fjord located loess dike process

Section 1-GTR A.Alps The Land B.Rhine River C.Po River D.Northern European Plain E.Baltic Sea

Section 1-GTR F.North Sea The Land G.Mediterranean Sea H.British Isles I.Aegean Sea J.Danube River K.Black Sea

A.A B.B C.C Section 1 Most of Europe lies within how many miles of a seacoast? A.450 miles B.300 miles C.150 miles The Land

Section 1 Europe’s landscape, created over time by physical processes, has shaped the lives and settlement patterns of Europeans. The Land Wind, water, and ice are among the forces that have created Europe’s landforms. Mountains: –Ben Nevis –Pyrenees –Alps –Carpathians

Section 1 Plains: –Northern European Plain –The Great Hungarian Plain The Land (cont.) Seas: –Atlantic Ocean –Baltic, North, Mediterranean, Aegean, Black Seas

Section 1 Peninsulas: –Scandinavian –Jutland –Iberian –Italian –Southeastern The Land (cont.)

Section 1 Islands: –Iceland –The British Isles –Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus –Balearic Islands, Malta’s 5 islands, Greece’s 2,000 islands The Land (cont.) Building dikes and Polders

A.A B.B Section 1 Which group of European mountains is younger? A.The northwestern mountains B.Southern Europe’s mountains

Section 1 Europeans depend on rivers and canals for transportation, trade, and leisure activities. Water Systems Many of Europe’s rivers flow from mountain and highland areas to the coasts, which has enhanced natural waterways as transportation links.

Section 1 Water Systems (cont.) Rivers: –Thames –Rhine and Main –Danube –Sein, Rhone, Loire –Elbe and Weser –Vistula –Po –Dnieper

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which river is the most important in western Europe? A.Thames B.Rhine C.Sein D.Po

Section 1 Natural resources influence economic activity in Europe. Natural Resources Resources: –An abundant supply of coal and iron ore –Oil and natural gas deposits –Peat

Section 1 Natural Resources (cont.) Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Reserves in Europe –Bauxite –Zinc –Manganese

A.A B.B Section 1 Europeans today rely on coal, oil, gas, nuclear and hydroelectric power. A.True B.False

Section 1-End

Section 2-GTR Climate and Vegetation This section describes the many factors that affect climate and vegetation in different regions of Europe.

Section 2-GTR permafrost Climate and Vegetation foehn avalanche vary timberline mistral sirocco annual normal

Section 2-GTR A.France Climate and Vegetation B.North Atlantic Current C.Hungary D.Romania E.Ukraine

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 How many different climate regions do you think exist in Europe? A.4 B.6 C.8 D.12 Climate and Vegetation

Section 2 Latitude, mountain barriers, wind patterns, and distance from large bodies of water influence Europe’s climate patterns. Influence on Climate The climates and vegetation vary from cold, barren tundra to warm, shrub-covered Mediterranean coasts.

Section 2 Influence on Climate (cont.) Factors that account for such variation: –Northern latitude –Proximity to the sea –Westerly winds –Presence of large mountain ranges Europe: Natural Vegetation

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Western and southern parts of Europe have a generally mild climate due to which reason? A.Their latitude B.The North Atlantic Current C.Mountain ranges D.The surrounding lakes

Section 2 Europe’s climate regions range from cold northern climates to dry steppe climates in the southern part of the region. Climate Regions Wind, ocean currents, latitude, and landforms all help determine Europe’s varied climates. High-Latitude Regions: –Subarctic –Tundra –Highland

Section 2 Climate Regions (cont.) Midlatitude Regions –Mediterranean –Humid subtropical –Marine west coast –Humid continental Dry Regions –Steppe Europe: Climate Regions

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Much of eastern Europe has which type of climate? A.Highland B.Mediterranean C.Steppe D.Humid continental

Section 2-End

VS 1 A.Islands Volcanic Iceland has hot springs and geysers; tundra and marine west coast climates British Isles consist of islands of Great Britain and Ireland; lie northwest of the European mainland Rugged mountains form islands of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, and Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea

VS 2 B.Resources Major petroleum and natural gas reserves in the North Sea. Coal deposits in the United Kingdom, Germany, Ukraine, and Poland. Heavy investment in nuclear power in France.

VS 3 C.Peninsulas Glaciation carved narrow, steep-sided fjords along the coasts of northern peninsulas. Warm ocean currents create marine west coast climate in coastal areas of northern peninsulas Southern peninsulas include the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas. Mediterranean climate characterizes the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas.

VS 4 D.Rivers Rhine and Danube Rivers in the heartland of Europe are dominant rivers with large amounts of traffic. Seine and Rhone Rivers in France are important for transportation and urban development. Po River in Italy key industrial development

VS 5 E.The Alps Located in southern Europe; young, high, jagged mountains Source of some of Europe’s major rivers Form a barrier that separates warm, dry climate of the Mediterranean from cooler climates of the north

VS 6 F.Northern European Plain Stretches from southeastern England and western France east to Poland, Ukraine, and Russia Mild climate, fertile soil, and access to rivers make it a highly productive agricultural area

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DFS Trans 1

DFS Trans 2

Vocab1 glaciation the process whereby glaciers form and spread

Vocab2 loess (LEHS) clay, usually carried by the wind

Vocab3 dike large bank of earth and stone that holds back water

Vocab4 polder low-lying area from which seawater has been drained to create new farmland

Vocab5 fjord (feeYORD) long, steep-sided glacial valley now filled by seawater

Vocab6 permafrost permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground

Vocab7 timberline elevation above which it is too cold for trees to grow

Vocab8 mistral strong northerly wind from the Alps that can bring cold air to southern France

Vocab9 sirocco hot desert wind that can blow air and dust from North Africa to western Europe’s Mediterranean coast

Vocab10 foehn (FUHN) dry wind that blows from the leeward sides of mountains, sometimes melting snow and causing avalanches; term used mainly in Europe

Vocab11 avalanche large mass of ice, snow, or rock that slides down a mountainside

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