Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 AIM: What were the similarities and differences between the 3 Muslim empires? DONOW: Copy the “Gunpowder Empires” chart in your notes. (FULL PAGE) Homework: Chapter 28: Vocabulary, Short Ans. Questions and Multiple Choice Agenda: PPT notes 3 groups divided by empire will create charts on board Students will listen and copy other group work Chap 28 The Islamic Empires

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Islamic Empires,

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

4 The Ottoman Empire ( ) Osman leads bands of nomadic Turks to become ghazi: Muslim religious warriors Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and volunteer infantry  Later, heavy cavalry In Balkans, forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military service: devshirme  Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Mehmed II ( “the Conqueror,” r ) Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Renamed Istanbul Transformation from warrior sultan to emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean) Planned to capture Pope, unsuccessful

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Suleyman the Magnificent (r ) Expanded into Asia, Europe Besieged Vienna, 1529 Develops naval power

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The Safavid Empire Ismail young military leader, r Orphaned, parents killed by enemies Becomes Shah, proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism  Twelve incompetent imams after Muhammad  12 th imam in hiding, ready to take power  Wore distinctive red hat, called quzilbash (“red heads”) Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din ( ), Sufi thinker SUFI = the inner, mystical dimension of Islam

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. quzilbash (“red heads”) 8

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala (present day Iraq)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Ottoman - Selim the Grim attacks Safavids Heavy use of Ottoman gunpowder technology give them the upper hand Ismail escapes, two centuries of ongoing conflict Safavid - Shah Abbas the Great (r ) revitalizes weakened Safavid empire  Reforms administration, military  Expands trade  Military expansion

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Mughal Empire Babur “Tiger/Lion”, Chagatai Turk (Mongol decent), invades northern India for goods, 1523 Gunpowder technology gives Babur advantage Founds Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty Expands through most of Indian subcontinent

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Akbar (r ) Grandson of Babur Wins fear and respect after throwing Adham Khan, leader of the army, out the window twice  Second time just to make sure he was dead Created centralized government Destroyed Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar Religiously tolerant, promoted “Divine Faith”  Syncretic form of Islam and Hinduism

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Aurangzeb (r ) Expands Mughal empire into southern India Hostile to Hinduism  Demolished Hindu temples, replaced with mosques  Tax on Hindus to encourage conversion

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CLOSURE 14

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder empires”) Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military prowess of the ruler  Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition Steppe Turkish traditions  Issuance of unilateral decrees, (action or decision) Performed by or affecting only one person, group, or country involved in a particular situation, without agreement of another or others  Intra-family conflicts over power 1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants), 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Conclusion Describe similarities and differences between the Muslim empires. Which empire had the largest population? Which empire had the longest rule? 16

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 AIM: What were the cultural issues that brought the Islamic Empire to their rise and fall? DoNow: What were the cultural issues that brought the Islamic Empire to their rise and fall? Homework : Chapter 28: Vocabulary, Short Ans. Questions and Multiple Choice Chap 28 The Islamic Empires

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Women and Politics Women officially banned from political activity But tradition of revering (respecting) mothers, 1 st wives comes from Chinggis Khan Süleyman the Magnificent defers to concubine Hürrem Sultana  Originally Roxelana, Ukrainian woman (name change)  Convinces husband to murder eldest son in favor of her own child

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Agriculture and Trade American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires  Coffee, tobacco important  Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax morality of coffee houses Population growth also reflects territorial additions and losses Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch VOC

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 What factor produced large population increases in Mughal India, but not in the other empires?

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. ANSWERS A) increased dependence on American crops as dietary staples B) the incidence of disease declined as nutrition increased C) the infant mortality rate declined due to increased sanitation D) rulers’ concern for the public welfare increased medical facilities E) a rise in intensive farming practices of traditional crops 21

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Religious Diversity Ottoman Empire: Christians, Jews Safavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians Mughal Empire: Hindus, Jains (nonviolent), Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs (comb. Hindu and Islam) Mughal Akbar most tolerant  Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity  Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving “ Divine Faith ”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Status of Religious Minorities Non-Muslim protected people: dhimmi  Payment of special tax: jizya  Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs Ottoman communities: millet system of self- administration Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with Hindus  Under Akbar, jizya abolished  Reaction under Aurangzeb ended toleration

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Capital Cities Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire, massive monumental architecture Rededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofiya mosque Ishafan major Persian city Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri  Chooses site without sufficient water supply, abandoned  Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Suleyman’s Istanbul access to the black sea 25

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Shah Abba’s Isfahan (present day Iran) 26

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Akbar’s Fatepur Sikri 27

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Shah Jahan’s Taj Mahal 28

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. END OF MUGHAL PEACE The reign of Shah Jehan actually marked the end of a period of relative peace between the Islamic and Hindu people of the empire. When his son Aurangzeb ascended the throne, toleration for Hindus ceased and persecution of non-Muslims increased significantly. 29

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Conclusion In 50 words or less explain the relationships between the following pairs: Janissaries & Topkapi palace Trading concessions & Euro weapons Muslim clerics & English muskets Treaty of Tordesillas & Mehmed the Conqueror 30

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 AIM: Why were certain weaknesses common to all of the Muslim empires? Indentify 5 different weaknesses? DONOW: Read “The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power” Homework : Chapter 28: Vocabulary, Short Ans. Questions and Multiple Choice Chap 28 The Islamic Empires

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Primary Source Analysis Analyze plot summary, context analyses and POV “A Conqueror and His Conquests: Babur on India” pg 760 and painting “Sultan Suleyman” pg

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. REASONS FOR DECLINE 33

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Deterioration of Imperial Leadership Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury  Selim the Sot (r )  Ibrahim the Crazy (r ) Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals intensify  Role of women Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans as unfit to rule  Force destruction of observatory, printing press Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims & even Sufis

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Economic and Military Decline Foreign trade controlled by Europeans Europeans take new sea routes that bypass the empires Military, administrative network expensive to maintain  Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage, 1589, other revolts follow Unproductive wars (Ottomans and Vienna) European military technology advances faster than Ottomans can purchase it

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Cultural Conservatism Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities Islamic empires less interested in outside world Swiftly fell behind in technological development  E.g. Jews from Spain establish 1 st printing press in Anatolia in late 15 th century  But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729 Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Conclusion Use primary source documents to compare & contrast elements of Mughal & Ottoman military. 37

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 AIM: Complete a tri-level timeline, plot significant dates, events and rulers for the three empires. Explain the simultaneity of the three empires. DONOW: Study Stearns Sample Timeline and 3 Tier Timeline. Homework : Prepare for Comparative Essay Chap 28 The Islamic Empires

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. EXAMPLE 3 TIERED TIMELINE 39