pH Paper –indicator that turns a variety of colors; Each color indicates a specific pH number

 Red Litmus Paper  Tests for: BASE  Positive: Turns BLUE  Negative: Stays RED  Blue Litmus Paper  Tests for: ACID  Positive: Turns RED  Negative: Stays BLUE

 Bromthymol Blue  Tests for – CO 2  Positive – Turns Yellow  Negative - Stays Blue  Benedict’s Solution  Tests for – Glucose  (Monosaccharides)  Positive – Red, Yellow, Orange, Green  Negative- Stays Blue

Tests for – Starch Positive – Turns Purple/ Blue-Black Negative – Stays AMBER (yellow/brown)

 DIFFUSION  Molecules move from High to Low concentration  To reach EQUILIBRIUM  OSMOSIS  Diffusion of Water;  Water molecules move from high to low

 EQUILIBRIUM  When molecules on both sides of a membrane are the same  SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY  The ability of a cell membrane to allow some molecules to enter while blocking others

How a cell responds to SALT WATER- It loses water & SHRINKS How a cell responds to DISTILLED WATER – It gains water and SWELLS Animal cells will burst in distilled water because they do NOT have a CELL WALL STARCH cannot pass through a cell membrane because it is TOO LARGE; It must be digested first to make it small enough to pass through a membrane

Cell filled with water/ Swells Cell shrinks because it loses water  Plant Cell in Regular Water  Plant Cell in Salt Water Cytoplasm -- 

 The purpose of cellular respiration is to RELEASE ENERGY  Cellular respiration takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA of every cell

 GUARD CELLS open and close the STOMATES  STOMATES are tiny openings that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move in and out of the leaf  The CUTICLE is a waxy layer that covers the upper and lower epidermis and keeps it from drying out

The purpose of mitosis is to make an exact copy of a cell’s NUCLEUS After the cell’s nucleus divides, CYTOKINESIS occurs to divide the CYTOPLASM. The PARENT CELL is the original cell before it divides. DAUGHTER CELLS are the cells that exist AFTER the parent cell divides.

Animal cells carry on cytokinesis by the CELL MEMBRANE pinching in. Plant cells carry on cytokinesis by the formation of a CELL PLATE which will become a new cell wall.

 The purpose of meiosis is to make GAMETES which are SEX CELLS.  The MALE gametes are SPERM cells  The FEMALE gametes are EGG cells.

Gametes have only a half-set of chromosomes so that when they join at FERTILIZATION they combine to make a full-set of chromosomes

The gametes would have 15 chromosomes.

 Fertilization is the joining of the EGG and SPERM to form a ZYGOTE.  A ZYGOTE is a fertilized egg.  Fertilization restores the number of chromosomes from n (haploid) to 2n (diploid)

 2 Layered Gastrula 3-layered Gastrula

Differentiation is when cells become SPECIALIZED to form different tissues and organs. Differentiation happens when the GASTRULA is formed.

GROWTH is an INCREASE in SIZE DEVELOPMENT is the process of cells being specialized to form tissues and organs

 What is a KARYOTYPE? It is a diagram of homologous CHROMOSOMES arranged from largest to smallest.  Chromosomes are arranged by: SIZE SHAPE PATTERN

 46  How many PAIRS of chromosomes does a normal human body cell have? ◦ 23 pairs How many chromosomes are found in a person with Down Syndrome? 47

 Karyotypes look for EXTRA or MISSING chromosomes  What are the two SEX CHROMOSOMES? ◦ X and Y What combination makes a MALE? XY What combination makes a FEMALE? XX