Structures

Expression of reason  in order to …  to ….  the reason ….  for  We learn chemistry in order to understand the nature.  We learn chemistry to understand the nature.  The reason we learn chemistry is to understand the nature.  Chemistry is learned for understanding the nature.  Chemistry is learned for nature understanding.

Exercises  Make your own examples related to chemistry or science.

Clauses of result : such a/an …… that such a/an + adjective + noun + that  It is such a nice day that I don’t want to go to the English lecture. contrast with : so + adjective + that  She was so intelligent that she never had to study very much.

Try your self! 1. English lecture was a large class. The lecturer did not have time to answer everyone’s questions. 2. Make your own to express complaint! Model: use so … that or such a/an … that Every lecture on Chemistry is difficult. I can not afford better mark than C.

Word game and Proverb An important part of chemistry, of cours is the study of chemical rections, changes hat occur when chemicals ineract with each other to frm new and entirey different substances. A chemcal reaction is an amazing thing to obsere, and part of the fun of chmistry is watching chemical reaction to take place. In the stuy f chemistry, let’s examie one jus to see how remarkaby the properties of the obsered substances chang when he reactin occurs. Consider a sodium. It is a mtal, so sof that it can be cut with a knife. Amy is taking typing her assignment for general chemistry class. She can type rather well, but sometimes she make mistakes. Read the assignment that Amy typed. There are 22 missing letter. Copy the writing, adding what is missing

Clauses of concession  although, even though, in spite of, in spite of the fact that  Those words and phrases introduce dependent clauses – they may come before or after the main clause  Although I studied hard, I failed the test.  I failed the test, even though I studied hard

How about using “despite” ? in spite of may be followed by a noun phrase or a gerund  In spite of my hard work, I failed the test.  In spite of studying hard, I failed the test. in spite of the fact introduces a dependent clause  In spite of the fact that I studied hard, I failed the test. despite is usually used in written English

Exercises  Supersonic airliners fly across the ocean in a few hours, but the language problem still exists.  I speak English well, but I prefer to speak my own language.  I wore warm clothes when I went out, but I still got sick.  He always does his assignments, but he can not pass the course.

Clauses of concession  but … anyway  just because …. that doesn’t mean that ….  just because is used in informal, spoken English  Just because chemistry experiment in the lab is amazing, that doesn’t mean that I am not going home.  Chemistry experiment in the lab is amazing, but I am going home anyway.

Emphasize decision  using whether or not or whether …. or not.  Clauses with whether or not may also follow the main clause.  Whether it is raining or not, I am going to class.  Whether or not it is raining, I am going to class.  I am going to class whether it is raining or not.

Exercises – using whether or not  The lecturer should not give a quiz. The students did not have time to study.  They should study hard. They are going to have an exam.

Word building : noun suffix: -y  suffix –y is used to make a few verbs into nouns  They discovered gold in  The ……….. was made in  We will inquire about the lost letter.  We will make an ………... about the lost letter.

Crossword puzzle : using a relative pronoun “ who “

Word game (familiar words beginning with re-) 1. To bring back the gold in the gold waste of a gold refinery. What is the chemical technique used ? 2. To look like 3. To ask for 4. To say “no” to a request