SPREAD OF ISLAM

I. INTERNAL CONFLICT A. INTRODUCTION 1. UTHMAN – MURDERED STARTING CIVIL WAR 2. ALI – MURDERED LEADING TO SPLIT IN RELIGION 3. MUAWIYA a) GOVERNOR OF SYRIA

…MUAWIYA b) CREATED UMAYYAD DYNASTY c) MOVED CAPITAL TO DAMASCUS d) BEGAN DIVISION OF ISLAM

B. SUNNI –SHI’A SPLIT 1. SHI’A (SHIITE) – PARTY OF ALI a) CALIPH – PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPREAD OF MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGE

…SPLIT …SPLIT b) SHOULD BE DESCENDED FROM MUHAMMAD 2. SUNNI – FOLLOWER’S OF MUHAMMAD’S EXAMPLE

…SUNNI a) ANY DEVOUT MUSLIM COULD BE CALIPH b. ACCEPTED UMAYYAD RULE

3. SUFI a) TRIED TO ACHIEVE PERSONAL CONTACT WITH GOD b) HELPED KEEP MUSLIMS FOCUSED ON QUR'AN AND TRADITIONS

…SUFI c) ACTIVE AS MISSIONARIES d) SCHOLARSHIP (1) STUDIED TRADITIONS OF MUHAMMAD (2) ARABIC LANGUAGE (3) SHARI'A - (LAW CODE) ESTABLISHED STANDARDS OF ISLAMIC CONDUCT

…SPLIT 4. ABBASIDS - OVERTHREW UMAYYAD DYNASTY

II. CONTROL THREE CONTINENTS A. INTRODUCTION 1. SPAIN 1. SPAIN a) UMAYYAD ESTABLISHED NEW DYNASTY AFTER OVERTHROW JOINED BERBERS

…INTRO b) BERBERS (1) MUSLIMS OF NORTH AFRICA (2) ADVANCED MUSLIM ARMIES INTO FRANCE (3) HALTED IN 732 BATTLE OF TOURS BY CHARLES MARTEL

…BERBERS (4) MOORS – MUSLIMS OF SPAIN FROM AFRICA

B. ABBASID POWER 1. GEOGRAPHY – OLD PERSIA, IRAN, IRAQ, & CENTRAL ASIA 2. BAGHDAD – NEW CAPITAL IN IRAQ ON KEY TRADE ROUTES

…ABBASID 3. BUREAUCRACY a) CONDUCTED AFFAIRS OF EMPIRE (DAY TO DAY) b) DEPARTMENTS (1) TREASURY

…DEPARTMENTS ( 2) ARMY (3) DIPLOMATIC c) SUPPORTED BY TAXES

C. RIVAL GROUPS 1. FATIMID DYNASTY a) RESULTED FROM GROWTH OF SMALL MUSLIM STATES b) LOCATION – FROM N.E. AFRICA TO W. ARABIAN PENINSULA & SYRIA

LATEEN SAIL

D. MUSLIM TRADE NETWORK 1. SEA TRADING ZONES a) WHERE – MEDITERRANEAN & INDIAN OCEAN b) CONNECTED MUSLIM EMPIRE TO WORLD TRADE

2. LAND ROUTES a) SILK ROAD b) ACROSS NORTHERN AFRICA c) SOUTH ACROSS SAHARAN TO SUB-SAHARAN KINGDOMS

3. MERCHANTS & CULTURAL DIFFUSION a) ARABIC ONLY LANGUAGE b) SINGLE CURRENCY – ABBASID DINAR c) ISLAM SPREAD ACROSS TRADE ROUTES

4. BANKS a) SET UP BY MONEY CHANGERS b) ISSUED LETTERS OF CREDIT (SAKK) c) COULD BE EXCHANGED AT OTHER BANKS FOR MONEY

III. MUSLIM SOCIETY A. MUSLIM CITIES 1. ABBASID – BAGHDAD & DAMASCUS 2. CORDOBA – UMAYYAD CAPITAL (SPAIN)

…URBAN CENTERS 3. CAIRO – FATIMID CAPITAL (EGYPT) 4. JERUSALEM 5. BAGHDAD’S DESIGN a) WEST BANK OF TIGRIS b) CIRCULAR, PROTECTED BY THREE WALLS

…BAGHDAD c) PALACE AND GRAND MOSQUE AT CENTER d) POPULATION NEAR 1 MILLION e) CONQUERED BY MONGOLS

B. SOCIAL CLASSES 1. UPPER CLASS – MUSLIMS AT BIRTH 2. SECOND CLASS – CONVERTS TO ISLAM (PAID HIGHER TAXES) 3. PROTECTED PEOPLES – CHRISTIANS, JEWS, ZOROASTRIANS

4. LOWER CLASSES a) SLAVES b) PRISONERS OF WAR c) NON-MUSLIMS

C. ROLE OF WOMEN 1. MEN – MANAGERS OF WOMEN'S AFFAIRS 2. EQUAL AS BELIEVERS

3. LEGAL RIGHTS a) SHARI'A GRANTED LEGAL RIGHTS (1) MARRIAGE (DIVORCE) (2) FAMILY (3) PROPERTY (INHERITANCE)

4. RESPONSIBILITIES a) POOR – WORKED IN FIELDS WITH HUSBAND b) WEALTHY (1) SUPERVISED HOUSEHOLD & SERVANTS (2) HAD ACCESS TO EDUCATION

…RESPONSIBILITIES c) RICH OR POOR – RESPONSIBLE FOR RAISING CHILDREN

IV. MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP A. CULTURAL DIFFUSION 1. EUROPE a) PERIOD OF CULTURAL DECLINE (DARK AGE) b) SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AT RISK OF BEING LOST

2. MUSLIM SCHOLARS a) COLLECTED & TRANSLATED SCIENTIFIC & PHILOSOPHICAL TEXT b) HOUSE OF WISDOM – LIBRARY, ACADEMY, TRANSLATION CENTER (UNIVERSITY)

HOUSE OF WISDOM

…SCHOLARS c) WORKS TRANSLATED – GREEK, INDIAN, & PERSIAN TEXTS INTO ARABIC d) PRESERVED EUROPEAN (GRECO/ROMAN) LEARNING

V. ARTS & SCIENCES A. MUSLIM LITERATURE 1. SUBJECTS OVER TIME a) BEDOUINS – DESERT LIFE, BRAVERY, LOVE b) QUR'AN – PRAISED THE PROPHET (MUHAMMAD), ISLAM, & LATER LEADER

…OVER TIME c) POPULAR LITERATURE – “THE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS”

B. MUSLIM ART & ARCHITECTURE 1. DRAWINGS a) IMAGES OF PEOPLE DISCOURAGED b) ARTISTS TURNED TO CALLIGRAPHY

2. CALLIGRAPHY a) HANDWRITING AS AN ART FORM

3. ARCHITECTURE a) MOSQUES (1) BLEND OF BYZANTINE & MUSLIM IDEAS (2) INCORPORATED DOME & VAULTED CEILING (3) MOSAICS MOST IMPORTANT ART FORM

…ARCHITECTURE b) ROMAN INFLUENCE (1) HEATED BATH (2) ARCHES

C. MEDICAL ADVANCES 1. AL-RAZI a) WROTE COMPREHENSIVE BOOK (ENCYCLOPEDIA) ON MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE b) TREATISE ON SMALL POX & MEASLES CLEAN AIR = FASTER RECOVERY

D. MATH & SCIENCE 1. SCIENCE a) DID NOT USE LOGICAL REASONING FOR SCIENCE b) PREFERRED EXPERIMENTS IN LABORATORIES

2. MATH a) BASIS FOR ALL KNOWLEDGE b) AL-JABR – THE ART OF BRINGING TOGETHER UNKNOWNS TO MATCH KNOWN QUANTITIES

...MATH c) ARABIC NUMERALS ADOPTED FROM INDIA INCLUDING CONCEPT OF ZERO

3. ASTRONOMY a) LED TO ADVANCES IN MATH b) OBSERVATORIES CHARTED STARS, COMETS, AND PLANETS (IMPROVED MAPS)

4. OPTICS a) SCIENCE OF LIGHT b) LIGHT PASSED TO THE EYES NOT FROM THE EYES c) IDEAS USED TO DEVELOP MICROSCOPE/TELESCOPE

E. PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION 1. ATTEMPTED TO HARMONIZE PLATO, ARISTOTLE, & ISLAMIC WRITINGS 2. GOAL – FINDING THE TRUTH