Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy and Early Development Bill Cosby – Childbirth Wellness 9

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy How Life Begins Fertilization (conception) – joining of the sperm and egg can occur because of sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse – the reproductive process in which the penis is inserted into the vagina and through which a new human life may begin

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Fertilization The sperm travel from the vagina through the uterus and into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs. It only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg. –Chemical change – no other sperm can get in Zygote – genetic material of the egg and sperm combine to form one cell

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy The fertilized egg divides The zygote travels down the woman’s fallopian tube toward her uterus –Take about 3-5 days It divides into 2 cells … then 4 cells … and then into a ball of many cells. The first through third weeks from fertilization

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy The Embryo Implants in the Uterus Embryo – a developing human from fertilization through the first 8 weeks of development Implantation - the ball of hundreds of cells becomes embedded in the uterine wall

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy A placenta supports the baby Placenta – a blood vessel-rich organ that forms in a mother’s uterus and that provides nutrients and oxygen to and removes wastes from a developing human

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 4 early signs of pregnancy 1.A missed menstrual period; often feels like a period is about to start. 2.Positive urine or blood test for human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) 3.Tenderness and enlargement of the breasts and darkening of the nipples. 4.Nausea (“morning sickness”) and fatigue

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy How a Baby Develops

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy First Trimester (first 3 months) 4 th week – heart starts beating, arm and leg buds appear, and eyes and brain begin to develop – embryo less than ¼ of an inch long (BB pellet) Amnion – fluid-filled membrane surrounding the embryo Umbilical cord – connects the embryo to the placenta Start of the 8 th week – developing human is called a fetus –Brain waves can be detected –Muscle movements begin –Bones and muscles are developing –All major body parts have formed 1 st – 9 th Week Video 10 th – 14 th Week Video

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Second Trimester (months 4-6) Organ systems continue to develop By 4 months – mother can feel the fetus move or “kick” Reproductive organs can be recognized as distinctly male or female Fetus can hear and recognize voices Hair forms on the head 15 th – 20 th Week Video 21 st – 27 th Week Video

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy 3 rd Trimester (months 7-9) Time when the fetus gains most of its weight Most fetuses are about 20 inches Brain develops further All other organs are almost complete Fetus can grasp with his/her hands Fetus’s skin becomes smooth – fat deposits underneath the skin Nervous system will continue to develop after birth 28 th – 37 th Week Video

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4 Weeks to Birth Video

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How Twins are Formed Fraternal Twins : Occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells, fraternal twins result.fertilizedsperm How Fraternal Twins are Made Identical Twins: Occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote which then divides into two separate embryos.eggzygote embryos How Identical Twins are Made

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Keeping Healthy Before and During Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Keeping Healthy Before and During Pregnancy Avoid alcohol and other drugs (including caffeine and tobacco), and exposure to cigarette smoke. Maintain a nutritious diet that follows the MyPlate requirements and eat regular meals Need up to 450 extra calories a day, but should not “eat for 2 people” Take Prenatal vitamins, prescribed by a healthcare provider, before and throughout a pregnancy Folic acid – prevent birth defects of the brain, spine and heart Get regular, moderate levels of exercise. Have all medical conditions evaluated by a doctor early in the pregnancy.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Prenatal Care During Pregnancy Prenatal care – the healthcare provided for a woman during her pregnancy –A woman should visit a doctor on a regular basis throughout pregnancy –A father can play an active role in a pregnancy by going to all doctor visits Routine procedures –Blood pressure, weight, urine, and fetal heartbeat checks –Ultrasound – uses sound waves to draw pictures of a baby on a monitoring screen –Amniocentesis – tests the amniotic fluid to detect certain genetic problems and to determine the gender of the fetus

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Problems During Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Pregnancy Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) A set of birth defects that affect a fetus that has been exposed to alcohol during pregnancy Symptoms –Physical and mental problems Mental retardation Growth deficiency Hyperactivity Hearing Disorders Treatment –None Prevention –A woman completely avoiding alcohol during her pregnancy –FAS Video ClipFAS Video Clip

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Miscarriage Death of fetus from natural complications before the 20 th week of pregnancy Symptoms –Vaginal bleeding or pregnancy tissue expelled from uterus Treatment –Determined by doctor Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy Implantation of the fertilized egg in the fallopian tube Symptoms –Abdominal pain early in the pregnancy –Weakness –Faintness Treatment –Surgery or medical treatment is required immediately Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Toxemia Toxemia, also known as preeclampsia, is a serious medical condition that usually affects women after 20 weeks of pregnancy. At present, there are no known causes of toxemia. Symptoms –Swelling of face and ankles –Sudden elevated high blood pressure –Excess protein in urine of mother –Convulsions if severe Treatment –Medications –Frequent checkups –Early delivery of baby in some cases Prevention –Prevented with good prenatal care Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Gestational Diabetes Diabetes during pregnancy Symptoms –High blood sugar level in mother –Gestational diabetes usually has no symptoms. That's why almost all pregnant women have a glucose-screening test between 24 and 28 weeks.glucose-screening test Treatment –Eat a well-planned diet: Your diet must have the correct balance of protein, fats, and carbohydrates, while providing the proper vitamins, minerals, and calories. To keep your glucose levels stable, it's particularly important that you don't skip meals, especially breakfast, and that you avoid sugary items like candy, cookies, cakes, and soda.proteinfats –Medication –Exercise –Early delivery of the baby in some cases Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Rh incompatibility A condition in which a mother’s immune system reacts against the fetus’s blood due to an incompatibility in blood cell type Symptoms –Anemia (low red blood cell count) in fetus –Fetal death Treatment –Immunization of mother before and after pregnancy –Monitoring of health of fetus Today, when a woman with the potential to develop Rh incompatibility is pregnant, doctors administer a series of two Rh immune-globulin shots during her first pregnancy. The first shot is given around the 28th week of pregnancy and the second within 72 hours after giving birth. Rh immune-globulin acts like a vaccine, preventing the mother's body from producing any potentially dangerous Rh antibodies that can cause serious complications in the newborn or complicate any future pregnancies. Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Premature birth Early birth due to abnormal uterus, bleeding behind placenta, presence of STD, multiple pregnancy, or other causes Symptoms –Delivery of baby before the 38 th week Treatment –Good postnatal care in hospital’s premature baby nursery Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Stages of Childbirth Labor and Birth Video Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Onset of labor Contractions, or tightening of the uterine muscles Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Dilation First stage of birth Uterus contracts, which causes the cervix to dilate or open up Mother’s “water breaks”- the membranes surrounding the baby rupture Cervix is fully dilated when it reaches 10cm Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Expulsion Second stage of birth Baby’s head emerges fully and the shoulders rotate Episiotomy may be done at this stage –Surgical incision of the outer end of the vagina to allow more room for delivery of the baby Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Placental Third stage of birth Begins after the delivery of the baby and ends when the uterus expels the placenta (“after-birth”) Doctor suctions mucus from the baby’s mouth so the baby can breathe Umbilical cord is tied and cut A mother may breast-feed her baby immediately if the baby is not ill Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Breast milk provides all of the nutrients an infant needs and helps protect the baby from infections and stomach problems Also helps establish the bond between a mother and her baby Pregnancy Benefits of breast feeding

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Types of childbirth Natural childbirth – delivery of a baby naturally through the vagina Natural Child Birth Video Cesarean section (C-section) – a type of childbirth in which the baby and placenta are carefully lifted out of the mother’s body by surgery C-Section Video –Reasons for a c-section Breech birth – the baby may not be coming in the correct position (“rear-end first”) Baby is too large to fit through the birth canal Pregnancy

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objective Questions Explain fetal development from conception through pregnancy and birth. How is a developing fetus nourished? Explain the importance of prenatal care in promoting optimal health for both the baby and the mother. What is the function of the amniotic sac?