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Islamic Philosophy Islamic philosophy refers to philosophy produced in an Islamic society.

Islamic Philosophy

Islamic philosophy as the name implies refers to philosophical activity within the Islamic milieu.

Islamic Philosophy In early Islamic thought, which refers to philosophy during the "Islamic Golden Age", traditionally dated between the 8th and 12th centuries, two main currents may be distinguished.

Islamic Philosophy Kalām (Arabic: علم الكلام ‎) is the philosophy that seeks Islamic theological principles through dialectic.

Islamic Philosophy Kalam At the second century of the Hijra, a new movement arose in the theological school of Basra, Iraq.

Islamic Philosophy Kalam The Mutazilites, compelled to defend their principles against the sunni Islam of their day, looked for support in philosophy, and are one of the first to pursue a rational theology called Ilm-al-Kalam.

Islamic Philosophy Kalam More simply put Kalam means duties of the heart as opposed to (or in conjunction with) fikh duties of the body.

Islamic Philosophy Falsafa Divisions of the Philosophic Sciences These sciences, in relation to the aim we have set before us, may be divided into six, sections: (1) Mathematics (2) Logic (3) Physics ( (4) Metaphysics (5) Politics (6) Moral Philosophy (ethics)

Islamic Philosophy Falsafa From the ninth century onward, owing to Caliph al-Ma'mun and his successor, Greek philosophy was introduced among the Arabs.

Islamic Philosophy Falsafa During the Abbasid caliphate a number of Muslim thinkers and scientists contributed to making Aristotle known in Christian Europe.

Islamic Philosophy Some differences between Kalam and Falsafa Aristotle's theories seem to deny the immortality of the individual human soul.

Islamic Philosophy The twelfth century saw the apotheosis of pure philosophy and the decline of the Kalam, which latter, being attacked by both the philosophers and the orthodox, perished for lack of champions.

Islamic Philosophy Since no idea and no literary or philosophical movement ever germinated on Persian or Arabian soil without leaving its impress on the Jews, the Persian Ghazali found an imitator in the person of Judah ha-Levi.

Islamic Philosophy Ibn Rushd or Ibn Roshd (Averroës), the contemporary of Maimonides, was one of the last of the Islamic Peripatetics.

Islamic Philosophy Islamic philosophy found an audience with the Jews, to whom belongs the honour of having transmitted it to the Christian world.

Islamic Philosophy The oldest Jewish religio-philosophical work preserved in Arabic is that of Saadia Gaon ( ), Emunot ve-Deot, "The Book of Beliefs and Opinions".

Islamic Philosophy To prove the unity of God, Saadia uses the demonstrations of the Mutakallamin.

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Islamic Philosophy From the ninth century onward, owing to Caliph al- Ma'mun and his successor, Greek philosophy was introduced among the Persians and Arabs.

Islamic Philosophy From Spain Arabic philosophic literature was translated into Hebrew and Latin, contributing to the development of modern European philosophy.

Islamic Philosophy The period between the 11th and 14th centuries to be the true "Golden Age" of Arabic and Islamic philosophy, initiated by Al- Ghazali's successful integration of logic into the Madrasah curriculum and the subsequent rise of Avicennism.

Islamic Philosophy Since the political power shift in Western Europe (Spain and Portugal) from Muslim to Christian control, the Muslims naturally did not practice philosophy in Western Europe. Averroës The School of Athens by Raphael- The Philosophers

Islamic Philosophy After Ibn Rushd, there arose many later schools of Islamic Philosophy.

Islamic Philosophy The tradition of Islamic Philosophy is still very much alive today despite the belief in many Western circles that this tradition ceased after the golden ages.

Islamic Philosophy In contemporary Islamic Lands, philosophy has continued and flourished.

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Bibliography # S. Ahmed (1999). A Dictionary of Muslim Names. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN # Corbin, Henry (April 1993). History of Islamic Philosophy. Liadain Sherrard (trans). London and New York: Kegan Paul International. ISBN # Leaman, Oliver & Seyyed, Hossein Nasr [ed.] History of Islamic Philosophy (Routledge History of World Philosophies) # Leaman, Oliver Islamic Philosophy # Ibrahim Bayyumi Madkour The Study of Islamic Philosophy# Falsafatuna (Our Philosophy) by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr # Irwin, Jones (Autumn 2002). "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam". The Philosopher LXXXX (2). # Kamal, Muhammad (2006). Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. pp. 9 & 39. ISBN # Mowlana H. (2001). "Information in the Arab World", Cooperation South Journal 1. # Pasnau, Robert (2010). "Introduction". The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN # Robinson, Timothy, Aristotle in Outline (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995) p. 51 # Wikipedia- Islamic Philosophy- # Wolfson, Harry Austryn (1976). The philosophy of the Kalam. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN Retrieved 28 May 2011.