Bellringer: 3/9 and 3/10 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Make sure your notebook is organized for the Notebook Quiz today. 3. Have out something to write with. 4. Make the following ToC updates: –110: Notes: Islamic Civs. (Umayyads, Abbasids) –111: PS Activity: Islamic Art and Architecture –112: Notebook Quiz (76-100)

After your quiz: 1. Make the following ToC updates: –110: Notes: Islamic Civs. (Umayyads, Abbasids) –111: PS Activity: Islamic Art and Architecture –112: Notebook Quiz (76-100) 2. Write down your HW: –Read pages in your textbook

Agenda: 1. Bellringer 2. Notebook Quiz (76-100) 3. Notes: Islamic Civilizations (Umayyad and Abbasids) 4. Primary Source Analysis: Islamic Art and Architecture

Recap: Main Tenets of Islam Founder? Supreme being? Holy text? Holy guidelines? Place of origin?

Islam after Muhammad’s Death 4 “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Ali’s death = chaos Sunni vs. Shi’a split in Islam

Muhammad had not named successor No clear candidate Abu Bakr, close companion, early convert, chosen leader, called caliph, “successor” Muhammad’s Successors Abu Bakr focused on bringing back Bedouin tribes Built strong Arab fighting forces to keep tribes under control Reunified Arabia, led forces north Priorities Abu Bakr’s successor Umar, expanded Muslim rule rapidly 637 CE early victory against Persian forces in Iraq 642 CE victory over Persian Empire complete Expansion of Territory Islam after Muhammad’s Death

Most Muslims accepted Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya Called Sunnis, “followers of the Sunna,” or “way of the Prophet” Ali’s supporters become Shi’a Muslims. Became known as the Shi’a, “party of Ali” Sunni and Shi’a Umayyads had been Muhammad’s enemies, converted reluctantly, were unpopular Uthman was killed by rebels Ali became caliph, but troubles had just begun Civil war broke out between Ali’s forces and Umayyad Ali killed, Umayyads in control Ali’s Troubles Civil War Breaks Out

More Expansion Iraq, Persia, and parts of the Byzantine Empire fall to Islamic civilization Byzantines first lost Damascus, Syria and Jerusalem 639CE, The Byzantine province of Egypt fell; 642CE, rest of Nile Valley under Arab rule Internal Conflict and Division Deep conflict within Muslim leadership – goes back to Sunni/Shi’a split (began with choice of Abu Bakr as caliph) Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali 644 CE, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca clan Umayyad Empire Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had created an Islamic empire Conquests continued under later caliphs 661 CE, The caliphate stretched from northern Africa in the west to Persia in the East Islamic Civilization Expands

SUMMARY: Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. However, internal problems weakened the Umayyads, and led to their fall. Umayyads strengthened their rule after death of Husayn Umayyad Achievements: –Established Arabic as official language –Made coinage uniform –Began first great work of Islamic architecture (built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem) Continued Expansion Armies conquered territory near China, Indus River Valley Took northern Africa, most of Spain Conquests spread Muslim faith, while allowing religious freedom (if you pay taxes!) for People of the Book; some restrictions, taxes for Non- Muslims however Military Conquests The Umayyad Dynasty

Umayyads strengthened central government as the caliphate grew in size Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power, privilege unavailable to those they conquered Creation of privileged class conflicted with strong Muslim ideal of equality Wars over succession were also upsetting to many faithful who were unhappy with emphasis on political ambition Displeasure with Umayyads widespread Shi’a continued opposition Also unrest among conquered people, some Arab tribes Umayyads weakened by discontent – time was ripe for rebellion End of the Umayyads Abbasids, led by descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, united many Umayyad opponents by appearing to support their causes Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in series of battles, late 740s Caliphate entered Abbasid dynasty Rebellion Ruling the Umayyad Caliphate

Baghdad Abbasids relocated capital of caliphate; rulers lived in splendor Chose Baghdad as capital, on Tigris River, in present-day Iraq Government Rulers were cut off from people (non- transparent gov’t) Caliph hidden behind screen in throne room, could not be seen Used Persian officials; vizier, deputy, oversaw affairs of state Persian Influence Move to Baghdad was the beginning of end of Arab domination of the Muslim world Abbasids adopted Persian style of government Change in Islam Nature of Islam changed Abbasids invited all to join in, turned Islam into universal religion and attracted people of many cultures Want to bridge religious divisions The Abbasid Dynasty

Trade helped fund cultural achievement Most prominent Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid, helped bring culture to great heights, 786 CE to 809 CE Support of scholarship helped produce lasting achievements of Islamic arts and sciences Funding for Change Islam spread through trade Muslim traders journeyed from end to end of caliphate, exchanging goods and information Exchange brought Islam to West Africa, Southeast Asia Importance of Trade A Changing Culture under the Abbasids Father of Chemistry/ Father of Optics

Contrast How did the Abbasids differ from the Umayyads? Answer: Answer: The Abbasids focused more on prosperity and cultural advancement than on empire expansion.

As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the 900s, a number of small, independent states broke away from the caliphate. European Christians weakened Muslim rule (Crusades) Christian armies began to drive Muslims out of Spain, 1000s European Christians began Crusades –Wanted to make Holy Land Christian, won at first –Muslims eventually retook Jerusalem Challenges from Europe 969 CE, serious threat from Fatimid (eventually defeats the Abbasids) established in Egypt Claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah (Shi’a support!) From Egypt, they controlled Mediterranean and Red Sea Disrupted Abbasid trade Problems from Egypt The End of Unity

Seljuk Turks There were many non-Arabs among peoples of the caliphate, including Turks 1055 CE, Turkish Seljuks rose to power and took control of Baghdad Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph Mamluks and Mongols 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt and Syria 1258 CE, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished Islam was still a vital force and spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia War Against Byzantine Empire Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids and went to war against Byzantine Empire – defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert Seljuks would go on to create their own empire External Threats: Seljuk Turks and Others