BIOLOGY SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS Chapter 1 Scientific Method Characteristics of life

Virginia SOL Objectives Scientific Investigation (BIO.1a-l) Scientific reasoning Forming hypothesis Defining variables Laboratory safety Graphing and arithmetic calculations

What is the goal of science? To look at the natural world Investigate and collect data Infer Understand Explain Predict And to share!

What is the role of experimental design in biology? What systematic procedures are necessary to investigate biological problems? ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS your need to be able to answer these as we move through the unit

What are important tools used in the study of biology? What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Why do a controlled experiment w/ only one variable?

Key Vocabulary Constant Control Controlled experiment Dependent variable Independent variable Hypothesis Inference Observation Prediction Qualitative data Quantitative data Theory Law

METHODS OF SCIENCTISTS Observations and inferences! Scientific study is analytical—meaning logical, methodical and based the following: – Observe—form question, research – Hypothesis—educated guess based on observation; MUST BE TESTABLE!

– Experiment—tests hypothesis – Analyze—and organize data from experiment – Conclude—was hypothesis correct? Need more testing?

Designing an Experiment Section 1-2 Flowchart State the Problem Form a Hypothesis Set Up a Controlled Experiment Record Results Analyze Results Draw a Conclusion Publish Results

ASK A QUESTION DO RESEARCH CONSTRUCT A HYPOTHESIS TEST BY EXPERIMENT ANAYLYZE AND CONCLUCE

—an organized procedure that involves making observations – A good experiment will test only ONE thing at a time (variable)—knows as a controlled experiment Experiments have 2 types of variables: – Independent variable (IV)—variable which can be manipulated by scientist – Dependent variable (DV)—variable which changes as a result of the IV

—a variable that does not change during the experiment – Basis for comparison

OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Manipulated Variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Uncovered jarsCovered jars Several days pass Maggots appearNo maggots appear Responding Variable: whether maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur. Section 1-2 Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation

Information from an experiment is called data and it can be graphed

Water Released and Absorbed by Tree Time Absorbed by Roots (g/h) Released by Leaves (g/h) 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM Water released by leaves Water absorbed by roots Relative Rates (g/h) 20 Time AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM Section 1-4 Making a Graph From A Data Table

y axis x axis

How scientist communicate Lab reports Graphs Models—system or equation of idea being explained – Global climate change; heliocentric solar system; weather forecasts

—explanation based on observations – Can be modified over time – Ex: Big Bang —scientific fact; proven by equation – “rule of nature” – Ex: gravity; thermodynamics

Tools and Procedures Science is global!!! SO? Science must have its own ‘language’ in order for scientist to communicate effectively. Le Systeme International d’Unites—SI – Based on metric system – Used by all scientists – Standard system of measurements

Microscopes—produce magnified images of structures too small to be seen w/ naked eye – Compound Light microscope—focuses visible light through an object – Electron microscope—focuses beam of electrons on an object TEM—transmission electron microscope SEM—scanning electron microscope

Communicating in Science Science is global!!! SO? Science must have its own ‘language’ in order for scientist to communicate effectively. Le Systeme International d’Unites—SI – Based on metric system – Used by all scientists – Standard system of measurements

Theory vs. Law Theory—explanation based on many observations – Can be modified w/ new data – Ex: Big Bang Theory Law—accepted as fact; proven mathematically – “rule of nature” – Ex: Law of Gravity

Types of data: 1. quantitative—has a numerical value ex: I have $100 in my pocket ex: It is 98ºF outside today 2. qualitative—gives a description ex: I have a lot of money in my pocket ex: It’s really hot out today

SI Units Lengthm WeightNewton Mass g Square metersm²m² VolumeCubic meter Liter (liquid) m³ L or mL = cm³ Temperature K Density g/mL TimeSeconds

1,000 UnitsKilo 100 UnitsHecto 10 UnitsDeca Unit 0.1 UnitDeci 0.01 UnitCenti UnitMilli Metric Prefixes

Mass—amount of matter in an object Weight—mass x gravity—. Length—linear measurement—. Area—length x width—. —3 dimensional measurement— LITER Temperature—amount of in a system--CELCIUS

So, what’s a liter? 10 cm A cube, 10 cm on each side, has a volume of 1 liter.

10cm x 10cm x 10cm = 1,000cm 3 1 cm 3 is also called one milliliter

Temperature Celsius Scale: 0°C = freezing point of water 100°C = boiling point of water Kelvin Scale (1K = 1°C): 0K = -273°C (absolute zero) 273K = freezing point of water 373K = boiling point of water

Scientific notation Some numbers are too small or too big to be written normally

Ordinary decimal notation Scientific notation (normalized) 3003×10 2 4,0004×10 3 5,720,000, ×10 9 − ×10 −9

Safety Rules in Science Lab Understand safety symbols Wear safety goggles and apron when investigation involves heating, pouring or using chemicals Tie back long and lose hair and lose clothing No food or drink or using glassware for food or drink Never inhale chemicals

Report any spill or breakage of materials Report any injury Know what to do in case of fire—locate extinguisher (by front door) Always clean up and wash hands ___________________________________ KEEP BACKPACKS OUT OF AISLES DO NOT TOUCH ANYTHING UNTIL I EXPLAIN THE ACTIVITY AND TELL YOU TO BEGIN

KEY VOCABULARY: Make sure you know these terms ! Control Constant Experimental design Hypothesis Scientific theory Trial Density Scientific notation SI units Dependent variable Independent variable

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS your need to be able to answer these as we move through the unit How can evaluating hypotheses and explanations allow us to understand the interactions within Earth’s systems? Why are observational, analytical, and classification skills necessary for reaching valid conclusions and generalizations about Earth’s systems?

How is quantifiable data used to support scientific methodology (theory vs. law)?

Studying Life Characteristics of living things 1.Made up of cells 2.Reproduce 3.Based on universal genetic code 4.Grow and develop 5.Obtain and use energy and materials 6.Respond to environment 7.Maintain stable internal environment 8.Evolve over time

CharacteristicExamples Living things are made up of units called cells. Living things reproduce. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. Living things grow and develop. Living things obtain and use materials and energy. Living things respond to their environment. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Taken as a group, living things change over time. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert. Section 1-3 Characteristics of Living Things

Levels of organization —all ecosystems on Earth Ecosystem—communities and non-living surroundings Community—. —group of 1 type of organisms in an area

Organism—. Groups of cells—tissues, organs, organ systems —smallest unit of life Molecules—groups of atoms

Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Community and its nonliving surroundings Populations that live together in a defined area Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Biosphere Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Bison herd Section 1-3 Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization

Organism Groups of Cells Molecules Individual living thing Tissues, organs, and organ systems Smallest functional unit of life Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Bison Nervous tissue Nervous system Brain Nerve cell Water DNA Section 1-3 Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization continued

Wrap up. Can you…….? Make clear distinctions between observations, inferences and predictions? Identify dependent and independent variables? Identify the characteristics of life? Follow lab safety protocols? Explain the scientific method and why it is important?