"We can be very successful at controlling diabetes."

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Statistics of 2011 Diabetes affects 25.8 million people of all ages 8.3 percent of the U.S. population DIAGNOSED 18.8 million people UNDIAGNOSED 7.0 million people

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and results from defective insulin production, secretion, or utilization.

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Increased secretion or a bolus of insulin, released after a meal, helps maintain euglycemia. blood glucose levels are maintained at a normal range of 60 to 110 mg/dL. Insulin is essential for the utilization of glucose for cellular metabolism as well as for the proper metabolism of protein and fat. Carbohydrate metabolism insulin affects the conversion of glucose into glycogen Protein metabolism amino acid conversion occurs in the presence of insulin to replace muscle tissue or to provide needed glucose (gluconeogenesis). Fat metabolism storage of fat in adipose tissue and conversion of fatty acids from excess glucose occurs only in the presence of insulin. INSULIN SECRETION AND FUNCTION

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Etiology: autoimmunity, viral, and certain histocompatibility antigens as well as a genetic component. polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss. under age 30 but can be seen in older adults.

noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult onset diabetes mellitus. Caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency 90% of diabetic patients have type 2. Etiology: strong hereditary, associated with obesity. slow and typically insidious with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, poor wound healing, and recurrent infection. adults over age 30; however, may be seen in younger adults and adolescents who are overweight.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance occurring during pregnancy. Occurs in approximately 4% of pregnancies and usually disappears after delivery. GDM is associated with increased risk of fetal morbidity. Screening for GDM should occur between the 24th and 28th weeks of gestation.

Hyperglycemia Weight loss, - prevention of normal metabolism of carbo, protein, fats Polyuria, polydipsia - high serum osmolality caused by high serum glucose level Polyphagia - to depleted cellular storage of carbohydrates, fats and protein due to lack of insulin Blurred vision- glucose – induced swelling Numbness and tingling- neural tissue damaged Fatigue, headache, lethargy, reduced energy level- low intercellular glucose level Muscle cramps, irritability, emotional lability- electrolyte imbalance Abdominal discomfort and pain, nausea, diarrhea, constipation- dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

Poor wound healing Recurrent infections, particularly of the skin skin itching. Vaginal pruritus

FBS of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL Random blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL with classic symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss) Capillary blood glucose values obtained by finger stick samples tend to be higher than values in venous samples.

Submitted by: Jansel Buencaloloy BSN III