Beginning of Period #3 600 – 1450 C.E. Chapter 13 The Expansive Realm of Islam

Muhammad Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow, works as merchant Visions of angel Gabriel, ca. 610 C.E. Monotheism – Allah Run out of Mecca

Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Returns, Attack and Conversion of Mecca to Islam The final prophet The Quran Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad dies 632 C.E.)

The Ka’ba ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity

The Caliph No clear to successor to Muhammad Ali (son-in-law) passed over for Abu Bakr Served as caliph C.E., then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” Traditionalists: Sunni

The Expansion of Islam, C.E.

The Umayyad Dynasty ( C.E.) From Meccan merchant class Brought stability to the Islamic community Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy

The Abbasid Dynasty ( C.E.) Abu al-Abbas, Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 C.E.  Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them

Abbasid Administration Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces Persian influence, Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on the Quran and sharia

Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes Camel caravans Maritime trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes trade 12

Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values  Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam  Establishment of madrasas  Importance of the hajj Sufi missionaries  Asceticism, mysticism  Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians  Wide popularity

Chapter 14 Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

The Sui Dynasty ( C.E.) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui dynasty Massive building projects: Grand Canal that promoted trade between north and south China Linked network of earlier canals

The Tang Dynasty ( C.E.) Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in 618 C.E.  Tang dynasty initiated

Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications  Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field system  20% of land, hereditary ownership  80% redistributed according to formula  Worked well until eighth century

Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations  Confucian educational curriculum Most advance through merit  System remains strong until early twentieth century

Song Dynasty ( C.E.) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized

Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation  Water wheels, canals Terrace farming

Technology and Industry Porcelain (“chinaware”) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined  Moveable type by mid-eleventh century

Chapter 15 Indian Ocean Basin

India After the Fall of the Gupta Dynasty Arabs conquer Sind (northwest India), 711 C.E. Mahmud of Ghazni raids India, Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples 23

Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India Chola kingdom, C.E.  Maritime power  Not highly centralized Kingdom of Vijayanagar  Mid-fourteenth century to 1565

Trade and Economic Development in Southern India Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient Southern India profits from political instability in north Temples more than religious centers  Education, Banking