Chapters 7 & 8 Test Bond Formation: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Electron Dot Notation Electronegativity Difference & Bond Type (Nonpolar Covalent, Polar Covalent, and Ionic) Chemical Formulas Compounds – components, bonds, properties Ionic Metallic Molecular

Forming Ions: cations, anions, e - configuration Intermolecular Forces: dipole, dispersion, H- bonding Interpreting Graphics (independent variable, dependent variable, etc.) Lewis Structures Octet Rule Relationship between Bond Length, Bond Energy/Lattice Energy, Electron Pairs, and Bond Strength Valence Electrons VSEPR Theory

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 3 of 28 Bonding Theories This car is being painted by a process called electrostatic spray painting. The negatively charged droplets are attracted to the auto body. You will learn how attractive and repulsive forces influence the shapes of molecules. 8.3

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Slide 4 of Molecular Orbitals How are atomic and molecular orbitals related?

Slide 5 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals When two atoms combine, the molecular orbital model assumes that their atomic orbitals overlap to produce molecular orbitals, or orbitals that apply to the entire molecule.

Slide 6 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Just as an atomic orbital belongs to a particular atom, a molecular orbital belongs to a molecule as a whole. A molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond is called a bonding orbital.

Slide 7 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Sigma Bonds When two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting two atomic nuclei, a sigma bond is formed.

Slide 8 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals A Sigma Bond

Slide 9 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals When two fluorine atoms combine, the p orbitals overlap to produce a bonding molecular orbital. The F—F bond is a sigma bond.

Slide 10 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Pi Bonds In a pi bond (symbolized by the Greek letter  ), the bonding electrons are most likely to be found in sausage-shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atoms.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 11 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Pi-bonding Molecular Orbital

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Slide 12 of VSEPR Theory How does VSEPR theory help predict the shapes of molecules?

Slide 13 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The hydrogens in a methane molecule are at the four corners of a geometric solid. All of the H—C—H angles are 109.5°, the tetrahedral angle.

Slide 14 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, explains the three- dimensional shape of methane.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 15 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory According to VSEPR theory, the repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that the valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible.

Slide 16 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The measured H—N—H bond angle is only 107°.

Slide 17 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The measured bond angle in water is about 105°.

Slide 18 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The carbon dioxide molecule is linear.

Slide 19 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory Nine Possible Molecular Shapes

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Slide 20 of Hybrid Orbitals In what ways is orbital hybridization useful in describing molecules?

Slide 21 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Hybrid Orbitals Orbital hybridization provides information about both molecular bonding and molecular shape. In hybridization, several atomic orbitals mix to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals. 8.3

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 22 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Single Bonds

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 23 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Double Bonds

Slide 24 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Triple Bonds

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