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Component manufacturers Insurance companies Health industry Driver education Hospitality industry ……. 25 March 2016kay das 17

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Error SourcePotential Error Mitigation Approach Satellite geometry± 2.5 meter The geometry of the positions of satellites in view of the receiver influence the accuracy of the calculated position. Shifts in the satellite orbits± 2.5 meter Although the satellites are positioned in very precise orbits, slight shifts of the orbits occur due to constantly changing gravitation forces. The sun and moon have a weak influence on the orbits. Multipath effect± 1 meterGPS signals can be affected by multipath issues, where the radio signals reflect off surrounding terrain, buildings, canyon walls, hard ground, etc. These delayed signals can cause inaccuracy. Ionospheric effects± 5 metersFrequency dependent and arises from ionized atmosphere. Can be calculated from measurement delay for two more frequency bands allowing delays at other frequencies to be estimated. The delays generally change slowly and can be averaged over time. Tropospheric effects± 0.5 meter Humidity causes a variable delay. The delays are more localized and changes more quickly than ionospheric effects Errors in satellites' clocks± 2 meterThe satellite's atomic clocks experience noise and clock drift errors. Calculation and rounding errors ± 1 meterDespite the synchronization of the receiver clock with satellite time during position determination, remnant inaccuracy still leads to an error of about 2 m in the position determination. Rounding and calculation errors of the receiver sum up approximately to 1 m. 25 March 2016kay das 39

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Protocol Stack ApplicationLayer 7 PresentationLayer 6 SessionLayer 5 TransportLayer 4 NetworkLayer 3 Data LinkLayer 2 PhysicalLayer 1 IEEE P1609 WAVE IEEE p DSRC IEEE P March 2016kay das 44

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Safety Applications:  Forward Collision Warning  Electronic Emergency Brake Light  Slow/Stopped Vehicle Alert Mapping of Remote Vehicles in Neighborhood Vehicles GPS Time and Range Measurements Digital Transmission Rate Control Digital Transmission Power Control DSRC Radio (802.11p MAC/PHY layers) Radio Channel Safety Messages Sensor Inputs 25 March 2016kay das 46

Vehicle Networking Message Types  Broadcasting messages o Periodic o Periodic Permanent o Time Limited Periodic o Overtaking State  Cooperative awareness between vehicles o Intersection collision warning o Lane change assist o Overtaking vehicle warning o Head-on collision warning o Cooperative forward collision warning o Emergency Vehicle Warning o Cooperative merging assistance o Collision Risk warning 15 m/sec GPS Location Uncertainty + 3 meters GPS Correlation Data Ranging Data DSRC V2V Link DSRC V2I Link  Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)  Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)  Vehicle to 3G/4G 25 March 2016kay das 47

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[1] Proc. IEEE Jul 2011: “Dedicated Short Range Communication Standards”, J.B. Kenney [2] IEEE Wireless Communications Aug 2014: “Utilisation of Location Information in Cognitive Wireless Networks”, Hasari Celebi et al [3] IEEE Communications, Feb 2014, “Five Disruptive Directions for 5G”, F. Boccardi et al [4] “Internet of Vehicles”, IoT World Forum, Milan, Dec 2015, Mario Gerla, UCLA [5] Agilent Technologies, Jun 2014,Taking 5G from Vision to Reality, Moray Rumney [6] IEEE Communications, Feb 2016: “Massive MIMO….”, Emil Bjornson et al [7] IEEE Vehicular Technology, Mar 2016: Advances in Automotive Electronics, Bill Fleming [8] NGMN Alliance Update on 5G Work Programme, Jul 2015, Klaus Moschner 25 March kay das

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